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Finals PACES > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

(126 cards)

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1
Q

Parotid gland Travels

A

Through masseter and pierces bucinnator to end at stenson’s duct at level of 2nd molar

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2
Q

Nerves that lie anterior to parotid

A

Facial - the zebra buggered my car
(temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical)

Auriculotemporal nerve (branch of V3)

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3
Q

Vessels that lie anterior to parotid

A

External Carotid Artery

Retromandibular Vein

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4
Q

Innervation of parotid

A 
Parasympathetic = watery, copious saliva
Sympathetic = enzyme rich saliva
Sensory = greater auricular nerve

Drains into Deep cervical lymph nodes

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5
Q

Reflex aid

A 
S1-2 = ankle
L3-4 = knee
C5-6 = biceps
C7-8 = triceps
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6
Q

Attachments of triceps

A

Long head = infraglenoid tubercle
Medial and lateral head = M and L of radial groove
Insert to olecranon process of ulna

NB between M & L lies radial nerve and profundii brachii

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7
Q

Complications from surgery: Posterior Triangle Lymph Node Biopsy

A

Accessory nerve

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8
Q

Complications from surgery: Lloyd Davies Stirrups

A

Common peroneal nerve

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9
Q

Complications from surgery: Thyroidectomy

A

Recurrent laryngeal nerve / superior laryngeal nerve

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10
Q

Complications from surgery: Anterior resection of rectum

A

Hypogastric nerve

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11
Q

Complications from surgery: Axillary Node Clearance

A

Thoracodorsal nerve, Long Thoracic nerve, Intercostobrachial nerve

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12
Q

Complications from surgery: Inguinal hernia

A

Ilioinguinal nerve

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13
Q

Complications from surgery: Varicose vein

A

Saphenous (medial) and sural (lateral)

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14
Q

Complications from surgery: Posterior approach to hip surgery

A

Sciatic nerve

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15
Q

Complications from surgery: Carotid Endarterectomy

A

Hypoglossal nerve
Greater auricular nerve
Superior laryngeal nerve

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16
Q

Likelihood ratio positive test

A

Sensitivity / (1-specificity)

Not dependent on prevalence

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17
Q

Likelihood ratio negative test

A

(1-sensitivity) / specificity

Not dependent on prevalence

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18
Q

Trastuzumab (Herceptin)

A

Breast cancer
HER receptor

Cardiotoxic

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19
Q

Bevacizumab

A

Colorectal, renal and glioblastoma

anti-VEGF

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20
Q

Imatinib

A

GIST, CML

Tyrosine Kinase i

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21
Q

Basilisk

A

Renal transplant

IL2

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22
Q

Cetoximab

A

EGFR +ve colorectal cancer

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23
Q

Interossei

A

Innervated by ulnar nerve

3 palmar (3 peat)
4 dorsal (4D)
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24
Q

Lumbricals

A

1, 2 median

3, 4 ulnar

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25
LOAF muscles (median nerve)
Lateral 2 lumbricals Opponens pollicis Abductor pollicis brevis Flexor pollicis brevis (+longus)
26
Froment's sign
Adductor pollicis test (ulnar nerve lesion)
27
Anterior compartment of thigh
Nerve: femoral Artery: femoral Muscles: quadratus femoris, vastus M + I + L, sartorius, iliacus
28
Adductor compartment of thigh
Nerve: Obturator Artery: profunda femoris + obturator Muscles: adductors, gracilis, obturator externa
29
Posterior compartment of thigh
Nerve: Sciatic Artery: Profunda femoris Muscles: semitendonis, semimembranous, biceps femoris
30
Adductor canal
Lateral = vastus medialis Posterior = adductor longus + magnus Roof = sartorius Contents = saphenous nerve, superficial femoral artery and vein
31
Anterior compartment of lower leg
Nerve: deep peroneal Artery: anterior tibial Muscles: extensors, anterior tibial, peroneus tertius
32
Lateral compartment of lower leg
Nerve: superficial peroneal Artery: peroneal Muscles: peroneus brevis + longus
33
Posterior compartment of lower leg
Nerve: tibial Artery: posterior tibial Muscles (superficial): gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris
34
Femoral canal
Lateral = femoral vein Medial = lacunar ligament Anterior = inguinal ligament Posterior = pectineal ligament
35
Femoral triangle
Superior = inguinal ligament Medial = adductor longus Lateral = sartorius
36
Neurofibromatosis Type 1 (AD)
``` aka von Recklinghausen's disease: CATCHES Cafe au lait (>6) Axillary freckling Tumours of nervous system Cutaneous neurofibromata HTN Eye features (lisch nodules) Scoliosis ```
37
Neurofibromatosis Type 2 (AD)
Bilateral acoustic neuromas (key) Other tumours of nervous system Fewer cutaneous features
38
Borders of Hesselbach's triangle
``` Lateral = Inferior epigastric artery Inferior = Inguinal ligament Medial = Linea semilunaris (lateral border of rectus muscle) ``` Within = direct hernia (so inferior to inferior epigastric artery)
39
Richter's hernia
Only part of bowel herniates meaning strangulation can occur without obstruction. More common in femoral hernia
40
Deep ring
Opens at midpoint of inguinal ligament into transversalis fascia
41
Inguinal canal - MALT
Start superiorly Roof = Muscles - internal oblique and transversus abdominis Anterior = Aponeurosis - external oblique and aponeurosis internal oblique Floor = Ligaments - inguinal ligament and lacunar ligament Back wall = T - Transversalis fascia and conjoint Tendon
42
Cystic hygroma
Anterior triangle
43
Branchial cyst
Posterior triangle (as follows branchial growth)
44
Complications from surgery: Ivor Lewis Surgery / Pneumonectomy
Chile leak as lymphatics damaged (thoracic duct)
45
Complications from surgery: Pelvic cancer surgery
Pelvic autonomic nerves
46
Complications from surgery: Parotidectomy
Facial nerve
47
Complications from surgery: Ligating spleen
Tail of pancreas
48
Complications from surgery: Liver mobilation
Hepatic vein
49
Complications from surgery: Open hernia repair
Testicular vessels
50
Complications from surgery: Colonic / gynae resections
Ureters
51
Complications from surgery: Use of Verres Needle
Bowel perforation
52
Origin of cystic artery
Right hepatic artery
53
Salter Harris Fractures
SALTR ``` I - Straight through II - Above III - Lower IV - Through everything V - rammed (crushed) ```
54
SE of drugs: tacrolimus
Impaired glucose tolerance
55
SE of drugs: azathioprine
Alopecia | Myelosuppression
56
SE of drugs: MMF
GI and BM suppression
57
SE of drugs: ciclosporin
Renal failure
58
Recurrent anterior shoulder dislocations
Bankart's lesion
59
Proximal Humerus
Anatomical neck = head and tuberosities - greatest risk of avascular necrosis if fractured Surgical neck = tuberosities and epiphysis (inferior)
60
Total oesophagectomy
Also known as Mckeown For proximal oesophageal cancer To mobilise oesophagus short gastric vessels ligated
61
Trigeminal branches exit
Standing Room Only Superior orbital fissure Foramen rotundam Foramen ovale
62
Trigeminal niche muscular innervation (V3)
Tensor veli palatini Mylohyoid Anterior belly of digastric Tensor tympani
63
Pancreatitis criteria
PANCREAS ``` PaO2 < 60 Age > 55 Neutrophils > 15 Calcium < 2 mmol Raised urea > 16 Enzyme (lactate) > 600 Albumin < 32 Sugar > 10mmol ```
64
Littres hernia
Hernia with Meckel's within
65
Foramen ovale
``` Otic ganglion V3 Lesser petrosal nerve Accessory meningeal artery Emissary veins ``` Most in sphenoid
66
Foramen spinosum
Meningeal spine Middle meningeal artery Meningeal branch of the Mandibular nerve
67
Foramen rotundum
Maxillary nerve (V2)
68
Foramen lacerum/ carotid canal
Base of the medial pterygoid plate. Nerve and artery of the pterygoid canal Internal carotid artery*
69
Jugular foramen
Temporal bone Anterior: inferior petrosal sinus Intermediate: IX, X, XI. Posterior: sigmoid sinus (becoming the internal jugular vein)
70
Foramen magnum
Occipital bone Anterior and posterior spinal arteries Vertebral arteries Medulla oblongata
71
Stylomastoid foramen
Stylomastoid artery | Facial nerve
72
Superior orbital fissure
Recurrent meningeal artery Superior ophthalmic vein Nerves: III, IV, VI, V1
73
Superior and middle thyroid vein
Internal jugular vein
74
Inferior thyroid vein
brachiocephalic vein
75
Inferior thyroid artery
Thyrocervical artery
76
Decrease gastric secretions
CCK Secretin VIP - inhibit gastric acid and pepsin Somatostatin
77
CCK
Relaxes sphincter of oddi and contracts GB + reduces gastric motility
78
Gastrin
Increase HCl + increases gastric motility + trophic effect on gastric mucosa Also released are histamine and pepsin
79
Secretin
Increase bicarb rich fluid
80
Somatostatin
Decreases everything and stimulates gastric mucous production
81
Absent a waves
Atrial fibrillation a wave = atrial pressure
82
Cannon a wave
Complete heart block a wave = atrial pressure - caused by atrial contractions against a closed tricuspid valve
83
Large a wave
RVH, tricuspid stenosis a wave = atrial pressure - caused by atrial contractions against a closed tricuspid valve
84
Prominent v waves
Tricuspid regurg v wave = passive filling of blood into the atrium against a closed tricuspid valve
85
Slow y descent
Tricuspid stenosis, right atrial myxoma y wave = opening of tricuspid valve
86
Steep y descent
Right ventricular failure, constrictive pericarditis, tricuspid regurgitation y wave = opening of tricuspid valve
87
Bainbridge reflex
Increase HR due to very rapid infusion of blood
88
Colliquative necrosis
Seen in CNS
89
Fibrinoid necrosis
Malignant HTN
90
Caseous necrosis
TB
91
Lynch Syndrome (HNPCC) (can identify if fulfil Amsterdam criteria)
REGP - MSH1 & 2 (mismatch repair gene mutation) Right sided colonic (mucinous) Endometrial Gastric Pancreatic
92
FAP
Left sided colonic Duodenal adenoma APC
93
Gardner's syndrome
Subtype of FAP - APC gene FAP + desmoid tumours and mandibular osteomas
94
Cowden syndrome
PTEN Hamartoma Breast Thyroid
95
MYH associated polyposis
MYH Increased risk of kras being knocked out
96
Peutz Jeugers
LKB1
97
Malrotation
Ladd's procedure
98
Atresia (usually in 24 hrs)
Duodenal - double bubble | Ileal - air fluid levels
99
Pyloric stenosis
Ramstedt procedure
100
Biliary atresia
Pathological jaundice | Kasai procedure
101
Path both sciatic foramina
PIN Pudendal nerve Internal pudendal artery Nerve to obturator internus
102
Broca's area
Supplied by middle cerebral artery
103
Pre/perimenopausal breast cancer
Tamoxifen
104
Postmenopausal breast cancer
Letrozole
105
5FU
Antimetabolite - copies uracil in RNA
106
Anthracyclines (-rubicin)
Intercalation of DNA Cardiotoxic
107
Taxanes (have tax in name)
Microtubule disruption
108
Chemo for breast cancer
FEC Fluorauracil Epirubicin Cyclophosphamide
109
Tunica vaginalis is derived from
Peritoneum
110
Testicular artery
Derived from abdominal aorta immediately inferior to renal arteries
111
Scrotum
Skin Dartos fascia Tunica vaginalis Lymph = inguinal
112
Multiple lytic and lucent areas (Soap bubble) appearances
Osteoclastoma
113
Mixed sclerotic and lytic areas
Osteosarcoma
114
Periosteal reaction (onion skinning)
Ewing's sarcoma
115
Osteoid osteoma
Commonest in 10-25 y.o. Pain responds to NSAIDS Lucent centre surrounded by reactive sclerosis
116
Osteochondroma
Pedunculated lesion arising from metaphysis
117
Chondroma
Usually ribs etc (not long bones)
118
A - delta fibres
Myelinated pain receptors
119
C fibres
Unmyelinated pain receptors
120
B fibres
Autonomic
121
A - beta fibres
Touch
122
A - gamma
Proprioception
123
Transpyloric plane (L1) (12 of them)
``` Pylorus stomach Left kidney hilum (L1- left one!) Fundus of the gallbladder Neck of pancreas Duodenojejunal flexure Superior mesenteric artery Portal vein Left and right colic flexure Root of the transverse mesocolon 2nd part of the duodenum Upper part of conus medullaris Spleen ```
124
T8
Vena Cava and phrenic nerve
125
T10
Oesophagus and Thoracic duct
126
T12
Aorta and vagus nerve

Finals PACES (12 decks)

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