anatomy Flashcards
(216 cards)
1
Q
skull bone os made up of?
A
2 layers of compact bone separated by spongy bone
2
Q
diploe?
A
spongy bone separating compact bone
3
Q
3 sutures of cranium?
and what each separate?
A
coronal cuture - separates frontal bone from 2 L/R parietal
sagittal cuture - separates 2 L and R parietal bones
lambdoid suture - separates occipital bone from L/R parietal bone
4
Q
condyle?
A
rounded protuberance at end of same bones
5
Q
lacrimal bone where?
A
anterior part of orbit of eye
6
Q
occipital protuberance?
A
midline body prominence at back of head
7
Q
cranial fossea parts?
A
anterior
middle
posterior
8
Q
sphenoid bone part of what cranial fossa?
A
part of middle cranial fossa
9
Q
pituitary fossa part of what bone? what sits here
A
sphenoid bone
pit gland sits here
10
Q
air sinuses do what?
A
decrease weight of skull
11
Q
air sinuses do what? open into what?
A
decrease weight of skull - open into nasal cavity and open into it
12
Q
where is foramen magnum in which cranial fossa?
A
in posterior cranial fossa
13
Q
zygomatic arch?
formed how?
how joined?
A
formed by zygomatic process of temporal bone POSTERIORALLY and temporal process of zygomatic bone ANTERIORALLY
oblique suture to join them
14
Q
layers of scalp?
A
SKIN
CONNECTIVE TISSUE -
APNONEUROSIS - epicranial - of muscles - frontal and occipital
LOOSE AREOLAR TISSUE - connective tissue -crucial for mobility of scalp
PERICRANIUM
15
Q
layers of scalp?
A
SKIN
CONNECTIVE TISSUE - dense - layer of fat,bv, nerves and lymph
APNONEUROSIS - epicranial - of muscles - frontal and occipital
LOOSE AREOLAR TISSUE - connective tissue -crucial for mobility of scalp/ flexible
PERICRANIUM - not visible layer
16
Q
innervation of scalp by what nerves?
what parts they innervate
A
cranial - trigeminal nerves branches - anterior part of scalp
cervical nerve roots - spinal - posterior part of scalp - c2/3
17
Q
external carotid artery brnaches to?
internal carotid artery branches to?
A
ECA to scalp
ICA to ophthalmic artery to brain
18
Q
what branches of internal carotid artery to scalp?
A
from ophthalmic artery
supraorbital
supraochlear arteries to scalp
19
Q
lymph in scalp?
A
none
20
Q
occipitofrontalis muscle?
A
occipital section - posterior
frontal section - anterior
21
Q
occipitofrontalis muscle?
A
occipital section - posterior
frontal section - anterior
contraction of muscle raises eyebrows and wrinkles forehead
22
Q
orbicularis oculi?
parts
A
3 parts - palpebral, lacrimal,orbital
around eye
23
Q
facila nerve how enters the face?
A
enters parotid gland and splits into 5 branches on anterior border gland
24
Q
platysma muscle?
A
open mouth and pulls corners of lips
25
3 salivary gland?
parotid
sublingual
submandibular
26
carotid region bounded by?
superiorly - zygomatic arch
inferiorily - inferior border of mandible
anteriorly - masseter muscle
posteriorly - external ear and sternocleidomastoid
27
parotid duct structures that pass through it?
facial nerve
eca
retromandibular vein
28
parotid duct how does it run?
anterior border of gland - superficial master muscle and pierces into buccinator muscle - deeper - to oral cavity - opposite second molar
29
parasympathetic innervation of salivary gland?
increase saliva
glossopharyngeal nerve
30
sympathetic innervation of salivary gland?
increase saliva via vasoconstriction
originates from superior cervicak ganglion
31
facial artery how does it run?
branch off ECA
WINDS AROUND mandible bone jaw - possess through submandibular gland and masseter muscle (posterior to artery)and runs parallel to facial vein but terminates medial aspect of eye
32
masseter muscle used for?
muscle of mastication -chew
33
branches of ECA?
some anatomists like freaking out poor med students
```
superior thyroid
ascending pharyngeal
lingual
facial
occipital
posterior auricular
maxillary
superficial temporal
```
34
what veins drain by?
internal
anterior
external jugular veins
35
4 compartments of neck?
vertebral
vascular - 2 of these
visceral
36
what do each compartment of neck contain?
vertebral - cervical vertebrae/postural muscles
vascular - major bv/vagus nerve
visceral - glands, trachea, pharynx, larynx
37
musculofascial collar in neck for?
in neck to encompass all compartments in neck
38
how many cervical vertebrae are there?
7 vertebrae
39
spinous process in cervical vertebrae?
bifid - 2
40
order of c1 and c2 and joints?
```
synovial joint
c1 ATLAS
pivot joint
c2 AXIS
etc
```
41
anterior and posterior triangle of neck?
| borders
anterior - midline jawbone, sternoceildomastoid, midline of neck
posterior - anterior border og trapezius muscle, middle 1/3 of clavicle, posterior border of sternocleidomastoid
42
sternocleidomastoid function?
flexes neck and extends head
43
trapezius muscle attachments?
innervated by?
originates on occipital bone and inserts on lateral end third of clavicle
by accessory cranial nerve
44
parts of anterior triangle?
how are they divided
submental
submandibular
carotid
muscular
divided by hyoid bone, supra hyoid/infrahyoid muscles etc
45
when does common carotid split into Ica and era?
at c4
46
positioning of Ica and eca?
ica - more posterior and lateral
| eca - more anterior and medial
47
ejv and ijv what is the positioning?
ejv - superficial and drains into subclavian vein
ijv - deep and forms brachiocephalic
48
what forms brachiocephalic vein?
merging of subclavian and ijv
49
carotid sheath contains?
formed by 3 layers of deep fascia -
carotid artery
ijv
vagus nerve
50
hyoid bone where?
in neck above trachea
51
suprahyoid muscles?
superior to hyoid muscle - elevate bone
stylohoid
digastric
geniohyoid
mylohoid
52
stylohoid muscle innervated by?
innervated by facial nerve
53
digastric muscle?
innervated by
2 bellies - connected by tendon
posterior - facial nerve
anterior - mandibular nerve
54
mylohoid innervated by?
branch of mandibular nerve (trigeminal)
55
geniohyoid?
innervated by hypoglossal nerve
56
infra hyoid muscles?
each one and innervation of each
muscles inferior to hyoid bone
omohyoid C1-3
sternohyoid C1-3
sternothyroid C1-3
thyrohoid C1 through hypoglossal nerve
57
cervical plexus innervates?
located?
made from?
innervate neck and trunk
located in posterior triangle of neck
made from anterior rami of c1-4 spinal nerves
58
what key nerve arises from cervical plexus?
phrenic nerve
59
ansa cervicalis?
loop of nerves c1-3
60
thyroid gland?
| structure
endocrine gland
2 lobes connected at centre by isthmus
61
functions of nose?
```
breathing
cleans air u breath
moistens air
traps dirt
smell
```
62
palates what do they do?
| soft and hard locations?
they separate nasal and oral cavities
soft - posterior
hard - anterior
63
pharynx parts?
nasopharynx - above soft palate
oropharynx - behind anterior pillars of back of mouth
laryngopharynx - begin larynx
64
nasion?
anterior frontonasal suture that joins nasal part of frontal bone and nasal bones
65
hard palate made up of?
palatine process of maxilla and paired palatine bones
66
cribriform plate is part of?
forms?
function?
ethmoid bone
forms roof of nasal cavity
allows olfactory fibers to pass through for smell
67
crista galli?
superior to cribifrom plate
| provides attachment for falx cerebri
68
falx cerebri?
sheet of dura mater
69
what type of epithelium lines nasal cavity?
pseudostratisfied columnar epithelium
70
concha part of what?
| parts?
part of ethmoid bone - bone on itself
superior
middle
inferior
71
meatus part of?
| parts?
inferior to each Conca of ethmoid bone
superior
middle
inferior
72
paranasal sinuses for? function
small hollow spaces in bone around nose
decrease weight of head
heating inhaled air
increasing resonance of speech
73
front view of paranasal sinuses
| name top to bottom - describe location
frontal
sphenoid in centre of eyebrows - most posterior
ethmoid on inner side of eyes
maxillary around nose
74
what drains into middle meatus?
frontal, maxillary and anterior ethmoid sinuses
75
what drains into superior meatus?
posterior ethmoid air cells
76
what drains into inferior meatus?
nasolacriminal duct
77
roof of nasopharynx formed by?
sphenoid bone
| basilar part of occipital bone
78
adenoids?
at back of nose - collection of lymphoid tissue
79
temporomandibular joint?
| between what two things
hinge that connects jaw to temporal bones of skull
coronoid process of mandible
AND
mandibular fossa of temporal bone
80
muscle of mastication?
masseter
temporalis
medial pterygoid
lateral pterygoid
81
temporalis action?
anterior fibres - elevate mandbile
| posterior fibres - retract mandible
82
masseter?
elevates and protracts mandible to close jaw
83
medial and lateral pterygoid muscle?
both attach to lateral pterygoid plate AND mandible
84
pterygoid plate part of?
sphenoid bone
85
action of lateral pterygoid muscle?
depression of mandible
side to side
protrusion
86
action of medial pterygoid muscle?
elevation of mandible
87
action of masseter muscle?
retraction of mandible
| elevation
88
action of temporals?
elevation of mandible
89
soft palate structure
| muscle fibers? innervated by?
moveable - consist of muscle fibers sheathed by mucous membrane
5 muscle fibers - by vagus nerve
90
2 arches of mouth?
posterior and anterior
palatopharyngeal
palatoglossal
91
tongue split into?
anterior 2/3
| posterior 1/3
92
papillae of tongue present where?
what are they
3 types
present on anterior 2/3 not posterior
small bumps on tongue - contain temp sensor/taste buds etc
filiform
fungiform
circumvallate
93
lymphoid follicles of tongue present where?
as elevations in posterior 1/3
94
lingual frenulum?
mucous membrane that connects tongue to floor of mouth
95
name extrinsic muscles of tongue?
genioglossus
hyoglossus
styloglossus
palatoglossus
96
lobes of submandibular gland? seperated by?
superficial lobe
deep lobe
separated by MYLOHOID MUSCLE
97
SYMPATHETIC INNERVATION OF salivary glands how?
stimulatory BUT indirect innervation
as inervate bv supplying glands
98
name cartilages of larynx? 3
epiglottic
thyroid
cricoid
ALLPAIRED
99
what forms laryngeal inlet?
aryepilottic folds - laterally
epiglottis edge - anteriorly
arytenoid and corniculate cartilage - posteriorly
100
rima glottidis?
space between vocal cords
101
vestibular folds?
'false vc'
actually just superior to true vc
102
soft palate elevation meaning?
moves up to block nano cavity to prevent bolus entering nose
103
outer circular muscles of pharynx?
role?
superior
middle
inferior
CONSTRICTOR muscles
deliver food bolus into oesophagus
104
inner longitudinal muscles of pharynx?
stylo- pharyngeus
Salpingo - pharyngeus
palato - pharyngeus
muscles
105
pharyngeal plexus formed by?
glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve
| innervating pharynx
106
waldeyers ring?
ring of four tonsils of mouth - lymph tissue
pharyngeal
tubal
palatine
lingual
107
purpose of weldeyers ring?
part of immune system
| first line of defence against microbes entering oral route
108
LACRIMAL gland?
on top of eye
109
eye divisions/layers?
anterior and posterior segment
anterior - anterior and posterior chambers
110
what gels and where present in eye?
Vitrous Humour gel in posterior segment
Aqueous Humour fluid in anterior segment
111
vascular layer of eye contains?
iris
ciliary body
choroid
112
what layers of eye do you encounter as you touch eye ? order it
```
cornea
AH fluid
pupil /iris
lens
retina
macula
optic disc
```
113
macula?
part of retina where sharp visual acuity - max cones
114
what produces AH fluid?
ciliary body - flows in a certain pathway
115
ora serrata?
junction between retina and ciliary body
116
suspensory ligaments do what?
suspend the lens in place
117
intrinsic muscles of eye ? 3
sphincter pupillae
dilator pupillae
ciliary muscle
118
sphincter pupillae?
action
innervation?
structure
parasympathetic
circular
constricts pupil
119
dilator pupillae?
action
innervation
structure
sympathetic
radially
dilates pupil
120
ciliary muscle?
action
innervation
changes shape of lens
innervated by parasympathetic
accommodation
121
adduction and abduction is what direction?
```
adduction = towards nose
abduction = away from nose
```
122
intuition and extortion of eye?
when head is tilted and eye rotates opposite way
```
intortion = towards nose
extortion = away from nose
```
123
eye movements carried out by what muscles?
6 extrinsic muscles of eye
RADSIN - recti adducts/ superiors INTORT
124
inferior oblique muscle of eye?
| action
abducts
elevates
extortion
125
superior oblique muscle of eye?
| action
abducts
depresses
intortion
126
inferior rectus muscle of eye?
| action?
depresses
adducts
extortion
127
superior rectus of eye?
| action
elevates
adducts
intorsion
128
medial rectus muscle of eye?
| action
adducts eye
129
lateral rectus muscle of eye?
| action
abducts eye
130
check ligament ROLE IN EYE ?
prevent over adduction/abduction in eye
131
artery and vein of eye orbit?
opthalmic artery/vein
132
lacrimal apparatus?
| made up of (4)
lacrimal glands secrete fluid - tears
L DUCTS - convey fluid to conjunctivae
lacrimal canaliculi - small canals - into medial edge of eye - to L SAC -
nasolicrimal duct - into nasal cavity
133
nasolacrimal duct into what?
inferior nasal meatus
134
flow of tears?
1. lacrimal gland
2. through excretory lacrimal ducts
3. unto conjunctivae
4. to lacrimal lake
5. into lacrimal sac
6. down nasolacrimal duct into nasal cavity
135
ear ossicles?
name 3
where
middle ear
form a chain from tympanic membrane(laterally) to oval window(medially)
in petrous part of temporal bone
malleus
incus
stapes
136
tensor tympani and strapedius muscle? action
in middle ear and relate to the ossicles and reduce sound - as protective role
137
bony and membranous labriynth where?
| what within each
inner ear
bony L = COCHLEA - SCC
- perilymph fluid present
membranous L = DUCTS - SACCULE/UTRICLE
-endolymph fluid present
138
cochlea?
body's microphone - converts oust pressure to electrical impulses
139
what is main LN of head and neck?
inferior and superior
| deep cervical lymph nodes
140
efferent vessel from the deep cervical lymph nodes join to form what?
jugular lymphatic trunks
141
pterion?
region where frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bone join to form H SHAPE
142
What goes through foramen spinosum?
middle meningeal artery/vein
143
what goes through foramen magnum?
medulla, spinal nerves and arterys and veins
144
foramen lacrem what goes through it?
pterygoid artery/nerve
145
cranial venous sinuses
what are they?
function
where?
found between inner and outer dura
group of sinuses/blood channels that drain blood circulationing from cranial cavity -
take deoxy blood to heart
146
grooves of skull formed by?
venous sinuses
147
sella turcica?
depression of sphenoid bone
| where pituitary gland sat
148
what is on either side of pituitary gland?
cavernous venous sinus
149
tentorium cerebelii
fold of dura mater
150
sphenoid bone has what plates etc?
pterygoid plates and hamulus
151
why is neonates skulls flexible and not fully ossified?
allows for growth and protect from minor impacts
152
2 types of ossification?
| and seen where in skull
endochondral = base of skull, irregular bones
| intramembranous - vault of skull, flat bones
153
frontanelles?
| how many
soft spots on skull where not fused correctly
usually just anterior and posterior
154
myoepithelial cells function in glands?
contracting property 0 to expel secretions in through ducts
155
types of secretions of each salivary gland in our body?
parotid gland - serous - watery secretion
submandibular - mixed serous and mucous secretion
sublingual - mucous secretion
156
processes of temporal bone? 3
styloid process
mastoid process
zygomatic process
157
external acoustic meatus part of what bone?
temporal bone
158
temporal process part of what bone?
zygomatic bone
159
notochord formation leads to what formation in embryo?
axis formation - now has a left and right side
160
what surrounds notochord?
para-axial mesoderm
161
how does neural tube and neural crest cells form?
by ectoderm folding downwards
to form neural tube
some cells of neural fold separate to form neural crest cells - outwith/surrounding tube
162
neural tube goes ono to form?
brain and spinal cord
163
what is seen under the tongue ?
opening of left and right submandibular ducts
164
where doe palatine tonsil sit in mouth?
in-between the palatoglossal arch and palatopharnygeal arch
165
how many deciduous teeth we have?
| deciduous meaning?
baby teeth
20
166
how many permanent teeth?
32
167
sub glottis part of what?
larynx
168
reactive lymph node?
| 3 FEATURES OF IT
swollen LN -
SOFT
MOVEABLE
SMALL/OVAL
169
FOSIT also known as?
feeling of something in throat
| globus pharyngeus
170
what vein runs on top of sternocleidomastoid?
external jugular vein
171
what nerve enters posterior triangle of neck?
accessory nerve
172
what nerve runs closely to superior thyroid artery?
external laryngeal nerve
173
danger space o neck? and where?
retopharyngeal space
where infection/pus can spread
174
deep cervical fascia investing layer covers what?
sternocleidomastoid
175
carotid sheath wraps around what?
carotid arteries
jugular veins
vagus nerve
176
what bone forms part of nose? and what part?
ethmoid bone - nasal septum
177
turbinate of nose?
parts of ethmoid bone that protrude init nasal cavity
178
tmj is what type of joint?
fibrocartilage
179
what muscle protracts mandible?
lateral pytergoid muscle
180
mandibular foramen what enter?
inferior alveolar nerve
181
know how does maxilla and palatine bones form ?
maxilla - front parts - anterior
| palatine bones - posterior part
182
vallecula?
air pocket found just anterior to epiglottis
183
odotenoid peg?
odontoid process of axis - C2
184
nasolacrimal duct drains into?
nasal cavity
185
contraction in ciliary body affect?
make suspensory ligament lax - relaxed
vice versa
186
action of inferior and superior oblique?
inferior - elevates, abducts, extorts
superior - depresses, abducts, intorts
187
when does anterior fontanelle fuse?
9-18 months
188
how is sphenoid in relation to temporal bone?
sphenoid is in front of the temporal bone
189
where is maxillary and mandible in skull?
maxillary - moustache area
| mandible - jaw area
190
which is more anterior - lacrimal or the ethmoid bone in the orbit?
lacrimal is more anterior - on inner side
191
which nerves go to innervate the face?
V1/2/3 - front
| spinal - back
192
eca/ica supplies what?
eca - supplies face/head/neck
ica - supplies up in brain
193
how does facial nerve arise in parotid gland ?
within parotid gland - splits it into 2 lobes
194
what are the branches of the eca?
some anatomists like freaking out poor med students
```
superior thyroid
ascending pharyngeal
lingual
facila
occipital
posterior auricle
maxillary
superficial temporal
```
195
accessory nerve enter where and how?
| innervate how?
enter posterior triangle superficially
| innervate sternocleidomastoid muscle
196
supra hyoid muscles action?
elevate the hyoid bone
197
infra hyoid muscles - how do they sit?
omohyoid - superficially slings to the side
sternohyoid - superficialy down to sternum
deeper
is thyrohyoid and sternothyroid - which is deeper
sternothyroid - doesn't attach to hyoid bone but depresses the thyroid cartilage
198
terminal branches of ECA? 2
maxillary and superficial temporal
199
where does facial vein run?
parallel to facial artery
200
action of each mastication muscle?
masseter - elevate and protrude
temporalis - retract and elevate
lateral Pty- protrude and depress
medial Pty - elevate and protrude
201
attachments of lateral and medial ptyeroid muscles?
medial - medial aspect of lateral Pty. plate
| lateral - lateral aspect of lateral pty plate
202
attachments of masseter and temporals muscle?
masseter - maxillary process of zygomatic bone - and arch
temporlais - superior to zygomatic arch - and above to temporal fascia
203
what two nerves run over pterygoid muscles?
inferior alveolar nerve
| lingual
204
what are branches of vagus? explain where they are
recurrent laryngeal nerve - on either side of trachea
superior laryngeal nerve - above to larynx - has internal and external branch
205
what innervates cricothyroid muscle?
superior laryngeal nerve
206
cricothyroid muscle does what?
tense and stretches vocal ligaments - creating speech
207
what supplies larynx?
superior and inferior laryngeal arteries coming off from superior and inferior thyroid arteries
208
what comes between cricoid cartilage and thyroid cartilage?
circothyroid membrane
209
what each sinus drains into?
frontal - middle meatus
sphenoid sinus - sphenoid-ethmoidal recess - superior to superior conca
ethmoid - front and middle into middle meatus
but posterior ethmoidal air cells - into superior meatus
maxillary - into middle meatus
210
tears drain into what meatus of nasal cavity?
inferior meatus
211
taste and sensation of tongue by?
anterior 2/3 -
general sensation - lingual nerve
special sensation -chorda tympani
posterior 1/3
general and special sensation - glossopharyngeal nerve
212
what innervates tongue muscles?
hypoglossal nerve
213
action of tongue muscles?
| describe each 4
palatoglossus - elevate
styloglossus - elevate and retracts
hyoglossus - depresses and retracts
genioglossus - depresses and protrudes
214
innervation of external nose?
V1 and V2 BRNACHES
215
GENERAL AND SPECIAL SENSORY innervation of nose by?
SPECIAL - olfactory
| GENERAL - branches of trigeminal nerve - ophthalmic and maxillary
216
chords tympani runs where?
| and carries what type of fibers
branch of facial and runs through the middle ear - carrying parasympathetic and special sensory(taste)
