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HN Flashcards

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1
Q

allergic rhinitis?

A

nose block due to allergies

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2
Q

pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis?

A

first exposed: IgE created and sit on mast cells and so next time exposed to pollen body reacts violently- where mast cells release histamine and allergic symptoms arise

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3
Q

what type of hypersensitivity reaction is allergic rhinitis?

A

type 1

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4
Q

affect of histamine on body?

A

vasodilation, contraction, - sneezing - itchy eyes - lack of smell -runny nose - coughing etc

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5
Q

non-allergic rhinitis?

A

rhinitis not caused by allergens

e.g. -infection, drug-induced, hormone induced, oversensitive bv

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6
Q

immunotherapy of allergic rhinitis ?

A

cure to modify bodies response to allergens - gives tolerance - small amounts and gradually increase tolerance

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7
Q

how to classify allergic rhinitis

A

persistent or intermittent symptoms
AND
mild or moderate or severe symptoms

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8
Q

conductive hearing loss vs sensorineural hearing loss?

A

conductive - block in conduction of sound

sensorineural - sound is reaching nerve but nerve is weak and not picking it up

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9
Q

tympanometry?

A

probe into eardrum and see how well eardrum moves - measures pressure

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10
Q

otoacoustuc emissions?

A

checks part of inner ear response to sound -

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11
Q

auditory brainstem response?

A

determining child response and ability to hear

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12
Q

glue ear?

A

middle part of ear canal fills up with fluid - lead to hearing loss temporarily

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13
Q

feature of glue ear?

A

usually improves on self

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14
Q

auto inflation of ear?

A

helps drain fluid in ear - blowing up a balloon in one ear at time or swallowing with nose closed

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15
Q

different treatment for glue ear?

A

autoinflation
grommets
hearing aids

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16
Q

grommets?

A

small tube placed in ear to drain fluid and keep ear open -

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17
Q

otitis externa?

A

inflammation of external ear canal to outside - associated with discharge of pus etc

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18
Q

causes of otitis externa?

A

infection - bacterial, fungal etc
foreign body
earwax

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19
Q

otitis media v externa?

A

medi a- inner ear

externa - outer ear

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20
Q

acute otitis media ?
causes?
complication

A

area behind eardrum becomes inflamed and infected

caused by infection - allergies - flu virus

mastoiditis - pus enters area

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21
Q

chronic otitis media?

clinical feature

A

long term and ongoing inflammation response to middle ear - unresolved and resistant infection

no pain but discharge for over 12 weeks

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22
Q

cholesteatoma?

A

abnormal skin growth in middle ear - and sheds

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23
Q

sinusitis? symptoms

A

inflamed sinuses - caused by infection

blocked nose
sinus headache
tenderness around face

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24
Q

choanal atresia?

A

congenital condition in babies
where back of nasal passage is blocked
making it difficult to breath
unilateral or bilateral

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25
epistaxis? | causes
nose bleed ``` fragile bv breaks - nose picking foreign body drug induced - anti-coags(NSAIDS, ibuprofen) high bp trauma ```
26
HHT?
abnormality where blood vessels don't form correctly
27
little area? | common for?
anastomoses of arteries that supply the nasals septum - on anterior side - most common site for nose bleeds
28
epistaxis management?
pinch soft part of nose or ice pack used OR nasal packing cauterisation
29
nasal packing?
special nasal sponges or foam or balloon inserted into nose - to create pressure on site of bleed
30
cauterisation treatment for epistaxis?
involves applying chemical substance e.g. - silver nitrate or heat to SEAL blood vessel under anaesthetic to numb nose
31
quinsy?
complication of tonsillitis - collection of pus in back of throat and back of tonsils - ABSCESS
32
Laryngomalacia?
congenital softening of the tissues of larynx - lead to noisy breathing
33
thyroglossal duct cyst?
fluid filled pocket - in front of neck - moves when swallows
34
FNA test?
fine needle aspiration - like a biopsy syringe used to remove fluid from area wanting to test
35
sialogram?
inject contrast media - to see ducts and glands easily - uses X-rays
36
ct sees what?
more bony detail then soft tissue
37
what is used in PET scans?
FDG radioisotope - taken up differently by different structures - see if tumours
38
auricular haematoma?
due to direct trauma to anterior auricle of ear resulting in tearing of bv and haematoma forming
39
malignant otitis externa? caused by? treated by?
an infection that affects external ear canal and temporal bone caused by pseudomonas bacteria starts as otitis externa in ear that progresses into temporal bone treated by antibiotics - suprafloxicin
40
acute suppartive otitis media?
painful infection in middle ear | build up of pus
41
tympanosclerosis ?
scarring of eardrum - it is injured (after surgery) - white patches seen non serious unless HUGE
42
chronic suppartive otitis media?
chronic inflammation of middle ear - with recurrent ear discharges - through perforated tympanic membrane - hole in eardrum
43
complications of chronic otitis media?
infection spreads meningitis facial paralysis facial abscesses
44
perforation of tympanic membrane?
hole in eardrum - if ruptured it can cause hearing loss
45
otosclerosis?
abnormal bone growth inside ear - the three bones fuse with surrounding bone and cannot move
46
bells palsy?
weakness or lack of movement on one side of face
47
how do you examine nose?
flexible or rigid endoscope
48
spatial haematoma?
collection of blood in septum - between two nostrils
49
common causes of sinusitis?
bacteria - pneumonia and influenza
50
chronic sinusitis?
having following symptoms for atleast 12 weeks nasal blockage facial pain sense of smell reduced
51
nasal polyps? | can appear in what condition
soft small growth inside nose churg-strauss syndrome
52
Youngs procedure?
nasal surgical procedure to close nasal cavity by creating flaps - treatment for epistaxis
53
angiofibroma?
benign non-cancerous tumour in nasal cavity
54
embolisation of blood vessels means?
placing a small catheter in bv - that are supplying area - to clog this and deprive area of blood to shrink it - tumour for example - done before resection to Make it easier
55
cochlea made up of? how pressure wave moves through them
``` 3 canals wrapped around one another - scala; vestibuli tympani media ``` pressure wave flows up SV from stapes act and then down the ST and this pressure differential deflects BM of SM AND hair cells of CORTI
56
Hearing mechanism of cochlea?
stapes moves in and out of oval window and creating this wave up and down SV AND ST triggering the CORTI ; cochlea contains spiral organ CORTI - receptor organ for hearing - consists of tiny hair cells that translate fluid vibration to electrical impulses that are carried to brain by nerves
57
how are hair cells different in their sensitivity to frequency?
respond to higher freq nearer oval window and lower freq. at top - apex
58
tonotopic arrangement?
spatial arrangement of where sound of different frequencies processed
59
weber test?
test of lateralisation between ears - detects unilateral conductive or sensironeural loss centre of forehead positive results - if equal on both sides
60
rinne test?
test that compares air conduction with bony conduction in one ear at a time behind ear and infant louder in air = normal or sensorineural loss louder in bone = conductive hearing loss
61
pure tone audiometry?
air conduction hearing test - can see what freq/tones person can hear - headphones and button is used
62
tympanoemtry can detect what issues?
perforation of eardrum, ear wax, or stiffness
63
hearing aid types?
open fit one BAHA - bone anchored cochlear implant
64
vestibular system made up of? and where
utricle and saccule in inner ear - vestibular labyrinth are the vestibular system for balance along with 3 semicircular canals
65
semi-circular canals explain structure orientation
3 canals each end in a space called ampullae - with hair cells here ampullae contain Cristal which triggers vestibule-ocular reflex each canal responds to different movement and direction - tell us where our head is at each canal is 90 degrees to each other
66
otolith organs?
found under the semicircular canals utricle - detects horizontal movement saccule - detect vertical movement each contain macula - hair cells here also have thin hair cells which have crystals embedded on them they contain on their surfaces - crystals called otoliths
67
otoliths detect what?
acceleration - lift, car etc
68
fluid in semicircular canals called?
endolymph
69
vestibule-cochlear reflex? explain
connections between vestibular system and muscles of eye to maintain gaze even if we move our head
70
what systems contribute to maintain balance?
visual vestibular - rotation proprioception - pressure
71
bppv? pathophysiology triggers
common cause of vertigo - feeling like spinning inside ur head otolith gets lodged into POSTERIOR semicircular canal and causes disrupted signals sent to brain changes in head position - sit up or bend down
72
what is used to diagnose BPPV?
dix-hallpike manœuvre - move head down and up
73
treatment for bppv?
emplay manœuvre exercise carried out to help treat symptoms of bppv lie down and position head in different ways to get crystal out of posterior canal
74
vestibular neuritis? caused by? | symptoms?
inflammation of vestibular nerve - usually by virus vertigo and dizziness
75
labyrinthitis? symptoms include? causes?
inflammation of vestibular and cochlear - vertigo plus hearing loss bacteria causing usually
76
menieres disease triad of symptoms?
vertigo unilateral hearing loss tinnitus
77
pathophysiology of menieres disease?
overproduction or decreased absorption of endolymph fluid in canal - so fluid accumulates and dilates canals causing deteriation
78
vestibular migraine?
migraine where vertigo is experienced too
79
sumatriptan treats what?
migraines
80
allergic rhinitis when is it classed as persistent symptoms?
moe than 4 days/week & more than 4 consec. weeks
81
mast cell degranulation response is?3
vasodilation smooth muscle contraction leukocyte release
82
most common cause of epistaxis in paeds ?
trauma
83
CENTOR SCORE FOR?
ASSESSING/scoring sore throat
84
what does a thyroglossal cyst do?
moves up on protrusion of tongue
85
microbe most associated with rhino sinusitis ?
strept. pneumoniae
86
how to distinguish tonsillitis and peritonisllar abcess?
peritonsillar abcess - usually worse on one side and shifts
87
bacterial rhinosinutitis three symptoms?
discoloured discharge severe pain fever raised CRP
88
trigeminal neuralgia?
facial pain
89
most head and neck cancers are what type?
squamous cell carcinoma
90
what is found on underside of tongue? 3
lingual frenulum sublingual folds duct opening of submandibular gland
91
sensory of tongue by?
lingual nerve
92
taste of tongue by? and what is it
chorda tympani - branch of facial nerve
93
leukoplakia and erythroplakia?
leukoplakia - white patch | erythroplakia - red patch
94
oral lichen plants?
white lacy patch sin mouth -
95
candidiasis? cause? can affect?2
fungal infection - by Candida albicans can affect dentures and cause inflammation and thrush
96
apthous ulcers?
sores that form on lining of mouth -
97
xerostomia?
dry mouth - due to lack of saliva
98
herpes labialis are? cause?
cold sore reactivated herpes virus causing ulcer crust lesion at junction of lip
99
webers will localise to what side hearing loss?
localise to side unaffected
100
employ manoeuvre does what?
treats BPPV
101
ORDER FROM OUT TO IN | EAR MIDDLE PARTS?
malleus incus stapes
102
what goes through optic foramen?
optic nerve | ophthalmicartery

ENT - HEAD/NECK (5 decks)

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