Anatomy and Embryology

Question 1

What are the different regions of the heart tube?

Answer 1

Truncus arteriosus
Bulbus cordis
Ventricle
Atrium
Sinus venosus

Question 2

What does the truncus arteriosus form?

Answer 2

The aorta and pulmonary trunk

Question 3

What does the bulbus cordis form?

Answer 3

Trabeculated part of the right ventricle

Outflow part of both ventricles

Question 4

What is the trabeculated part of the left ventricle formed by?

Answer 4

the ventricle

Question 5

what does the atrium form?

Answer 5

the trabeculated part of of both atria

Question 6

What does the sinus venosus form?

Answer 6

smooth part of right atrium.

coronary sinus.

Question 7

On which day does the looping and folding of the heart tube begin?

Answer 7

Day 23

Question 8

Describe the movements of the primitive atrium, ventricle and the bulbus cordis during looping and folding of the heart tube.

Answer 8

Primitive atrium moves dorsally and cranially.
Primitive ventricle is displaced to the left.
Bulbus cordis moves inferiorly and ventrally to the right.

Question 9

What anatomical terms are used to describe the surfaces of an embryo? (instead of superior and inferior etc)

Answer 9

Cranial
Caudal
Ventral
Dorsal

Question 10

Where do the internal and common carotid arteries supply?

Answer 10

Internal carotid artery = brain

Common carotid artery = head and neck

Question 11

What do the aortic arches give rise to?

Answer 11

1 and 2 = mostly destroyed
3 = common carotid artery AND first part of internal carotid artery
4 = right subclavian artery AND part of the aortic arch
5 = rudimentary/absent
6 = sprout branches which form the pulmonary arteries AND ductus arteriosus on the left

Question 12

Name the 3 venous systems found in the embryo.

Answer 12

Vitelline veins
Umbilical veins
Cardinal veins

Question 13

What do the vitelline veins do in the embryo?

Answer 13

Drain the yolk sac

Question 14

What do the umbilical veins do?

Answer 14

Bring oxygenated blood from the placenta into the foetus

Question 15

What do the cardinal veins do in the embryo?

Answer 15

Provides a systemic venous system

Question 16

Which germ layer is the heart derived from?

Answer 16

The visceral mesoderm

Question 17

Where do you palpate for the apex beat?

Answer 17

5th left intercostal space, mid-clavicular line

Question 18

What are the heart surfaces?

Answer 18

Anterior
Base
Inferior/diaphragmatic

Question 19

What are the 4 heart borders?

Answer 19

Right border = right atrium
Left border = left ventricle
Superior border = the great vessels
Inferior border = right ventricle

Question 20

Describe the anatomy of the pericardium (layers etc).

Answer 20

Pericardium = 3 layered sack
innermost = visceral pericardium/epicardium
Middle = parietal pericardium, which surround the pericardial cavity
Outer = fibrous pericardium, is fibrous and fatty and holds the heart in place

Question 21

What is cardiac tamponade?

Answer 21

A condition preventing cardiac contractions due to a build up of blood in the pericardial sack around the heart.

Question 22

What is the pericardiocentesis procedure and how is it carried out?

Answer 22

Pericardiocentesis = drainage of fluid from the pericardial cavity.
The needle is inserted via the infrasternal angle, directed superioposteriorly and aspirating continuously

Question 23

What is feature is used by surgeons to isolate the great vessels before comencing cardiopulmonary bypass?

Answer 23

The transverse pericardial sinus

Question 24

What are the two spetae and what are they indicated by on the heart surface?

Answer 24

Interatrial, indicated by the interatrial groove

Interventircular, indicated by the anterior interventricular groove

Question 25

Where is the coronary sinus and what is its function?

Answer 25

In the atrioventricular groove, posteriorly.

Function is to drain the deoxygenated blood from the heart into the right atrium.

Question 26

Describe the branches that arise from the aorta.

Answer 26

First branch is the coronary arteries.
Second is the brachiocephalic trunk.
Third is the left common carotid artery.
Fourth is the left subclavian artery.

Question 27

What does the brachiocephalic trunk split into?

Answer 27

The right subclavian (external) and right common carotid (internal) arteries

Question 28

Name the main coronary arteries that you need to know.

Answer 28

Right coronary artery:

• posterior interventricular artery
• right marginal artery

Left coronary artery:

• left anterior descending
• left marginal artery
• circumflex artery
• lateral/diagonal branch

Question 29

Detail the internal features of the right atrium.

Answer 29

Opening for the SVC, IVC and coronary sinus.
Oval fossa
Location of the SA node

Question 30

Detail the internal features of the right ventricle.

Answer 30

Openings through the tricuspid and pulmonary valves.
Papillary muscles.
Moderator band.

Question 31

Detail the internal features of the left atrium.

Answer 31

Openings from the superior and inferior pulmonary veins.

Remains of the foramen ovale may be seen

Question 32

Detail the internal features of the left ventricle.

Answer 32

Openings in the form of the mitral and aortic valves.

Papillary muscles.

Question 33

Which valves are responsible for the first heart sound?

Answer 33

Tricuspid and mitral

Question 34

Which valves have the leaflet design?

Answer 34

Tricuspid and mitral

Question 35

Which valves are responsible for the second heart sound?

Answer 35

Aortic and pulmonary

Question 36

Which valves have the semilunar design and why are they designed like this?

Answer 36

Aortic and pulmonary, to collect any backflow of blood, forcing the valve shut.

Question 37

Which valves have papillary muscles?

Answer 37

Mitral and tricuspid

Question 38

Which are the atrioventricular valves?

Answer 38

Mitral and tricuspid.