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Opt Anatomy > anatomy and histology of the nervous system (1) > Flashcards

anatomy and histology of the nervous system (1) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the structural unit of the nervous system?

A

neuron

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2
Q

what is neuron made up of?

A

cell body, dendrite, axon

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3
Q

What supplies the energy in the both the presynaptic and postsynaptic regions?

A

mitochondria

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4
Q

types of neurons

A

unipolar, bipolar, multipolar, special (purkinje, stellate, pyrimidal)

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5
Q

what kind of neurons in retina?

A

bipolar

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6
Q

multipolar neurons

A

have multiple axons

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7
Q

golgi preparation

A

isolates individual neurons for viewing

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8
Q

nissl preparation

A

good for demonstrating cell bodies of neurons

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9
Q

myelin preparations

A

stain myelinated fibers and not the cell bodies or dendrites

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10
Q

H&E preparation (Haematoxylin and Eosin)

A

usually used for normal nerve tissue staining

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11
Q

Central Nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

Peripheral Nervous system

A

nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord. contains 12 cranial nerves (except CN III)

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13
Q

collections of axons that carry action potentials from one place to another are called

A

nerves in the PNS

tracts in the CNS

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14
Q

clusters of neuron cell bodies are called

A

ganglia in the PNS

Nucleu in the CNS

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15
Q

glial cells

A

non-neural cells that provide a variety of support functions for the neurons that relate to nutrition, regulation of the extracellular environment including the blood brain barrier, immune system, myelin insulation for many axons, and a host of other support functions. 10x more glial cells than neurons

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16
Q

Astrocyte

A

CNS. end-feet form contacts with capillaries that help produce the blood brian barrier and from contacts on newurons that play a role in supplying nutrients to these cells. Regulate the ionic composition and pHo of the extracellular environment and secrete various neuroactive substances. glia limiatan (inner surface of pia)

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17
Q

microglia

A

clean up cellular debri via phagocytosis

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18
Q

satellite

A

form the blood brain barrier within the CNS, function similarly to astrocytes

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19
Q

Ependymal

A

form epithelial lining of the CNS and produce CSF

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20
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

myelinated axons of the neurons in the CNS

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21
Q

Schwann cells

A

myelinated axons of the neurons in the PNS

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22
Q

Dura Matter

A

tough outermost lining covering the brain and spinal cord

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23
Q

arachnoid mater

A

delicate fibrous membrane forming the middle of the three coverings of the CNS.

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24
Q

Pia mater

A

delicate innermost layer of the meninges, the membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

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25
Q

forebrain

A

anterior part of the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus. also called proencehalon

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26
Q

Hindbrain

A

the lower part of the brainstem, comprising the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata. also called the rhombencephalon

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27
Q

brain and spinal cord divisions from superior to inferior

A

telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon, spinal cord

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28
Q

telencephalon

A

consists chiefly of the cerebral hemispheres

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29
Q

diencephalon

A

contains the epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and ventral thalamus, and the third ventricle

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30
Q

Mesencephalon

A

commprises the tectum, tegmentum, the cerebral aqueduct, and the cerebral peduncles, as well as several nuclei and fasciculi

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31
Q

metencephalon

A

pons and cerebellum

32
Q

myelencephalon

A

medulla oblongata

33
Q

spinal cord

A

extends from medulla to a space called the 1st and 2nd lumbar vertabrae. Does NOT extend the entire length of the vertebral column

34
Q

Grey matter

A

cell bodies, dendrites, and axon terminals. all synapses are here. do not have extended axons. 40% of brain. no myelin

35
Q

White matter

A

made of axons connecting different parts of grey matter to each other. 60% of brain, myelin is responsible for white color

36
Q

schwann cell

A

produces myelin in the PNS. wrapping from outside to inside

37
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

produces myelin in the CNS.

38
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

gaps on the axon between the myelination. Allows for electrical “jumping” of signal

39
Q

Spinal cord organization

A

medulla to L1 and L2. Grey “H”, area around the “H” is white matter.

40
Q

conus medullaris

A

end of the spinal cord where it then transistions to filum terminale

41
Q

filum terminal

A

prolongation of pia mater coming off of the conus medullaris. decends to the back of the coccyx.

42
Q

posterior root gangion

A

give rise to peripheral and central nerve fibers. 31 pairs of spinal nerves

43
Q

intervertebral foramen

A

roots escape from spinal cord here

44
Q

fasicle

A

bundle of neurons surrounded by connective tissue

45
Q

Nerve

A

a bundle of fasicles surrounded by CT

46
Q

epineurium

A

dense, irregular CT that surround all peripheral nerves

47
Q

perineurium

A

layer of CT containing many flattened fibroblasts that surround each fasicle. blood nerve barrier

48
Q

endoneurium

A

loose CT within the fasicle that surrounds each axon

49
Q

posterior root

A

contains only sensory neurons

50
Q

anterior root

A

contains axons of motor neurons and fibers from the autonomic nervous system

51
Q

PNS contains what

A

the nerve fibers carry motor, sensory, and autonomic nerve fibers

52
Q

spinal nerve

A

mixed nerve which carries motor, sensory, and autonomic singnals between the spinal cord and the body. 31 pairs of spinal nerves with one on each side of the vertebral column

53
Q

How many pairs of cervical nerves are there?

A

8

54
Q

How many pairs of thoracic nerves are there?

A

12

55
Q

How many pairs of lumbar nerves are there?

A

5

56
Q

How many pairs of sacral nerves are there?

A

5

57
Q

How many pairs of Coccygeal nerves are there?

A

1

58
Q

PNS contents

A

31 sets of spinal nerves, 12 sets of cranial nerves

59
Q

Which cranial nerve is part of the CNS instead of the PNS?

A

Optic Nerve (CNII). The myelin on the optic nerve is produced by oligodendrocytes rather than schwann cells and it is encased in the meningeal layers instead of the standard endoneurium, perineurium, and epineuriem of the PNS

60
Q

Cranial nerves in order

A 
I Olfactory
II Optic
III Oculomotor
IV Trochlear
V Trigeminal 
VI abducent
VII Facial
VIII Vestibulocochlear
IX glossopharyngeal
X vagus
XI spinal accessory
XII hypoglossal
61
Q

Dermatome

A

area of skin that is supplied nerves from a single spinal root

62
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

sympathetic, parasympathetic, enteric

63
Q

Where does the sympathetic nervous system originate?

A

T1-L2 only

64
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the sympathetic nervous system located?

A

lateral grey horn of the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord

65
Q

What are the four different things the preganglionic fibers of the sympathetic system can do?facial

A
  1. some fibers synapse in the nearest ganglion. Post ganglionic fibers enter T1-L2
  2. preganglionic fibers shoot up the sympathetic chain to a different ganglion
  3. Preganglionic fibers shoot down the sympathetic chain to a different ganglion
  4. Preganglionic fibers won’t connect in the chain, move through smypathetic chain, connect to splanchnik chain near organ
66
Q

What is the location of the parasympathetic

A

cranial-saccral

67
Q

what cranial nerve is responsible for the parasympathetic system?

A

vagus

68
Q

what does the oculomotor nerve innervate, what ganglion?

A

ciliary gangliom. sphincter of the pupil and the ciliary muscle

69
Q

what does the facial nerve innervate, what ganglion?

A

pterygopalatine ganglion, lacrimal and nasal gland

submandibular gland, submandibular and sublingual glands

70
Q

what does theglossopharyngeal nerve innervate, what ganglion?

A

otic ganglion, parotid gland

71
Q

what does the vagus nerve innervate, what ganglion?

A

mural or intramural ganglia of heart, lungs, lower esophagus, stomach, pancreas, gall bladder, small intestine, ascending and transverse parts of the colon

72
Q

dorsal root

A

sensory

73
Q

anterior root

A

motor

74
Q

what neurotransmitter does the parasympathetic system use?

A

acetylcholine

75
Q

what neurotransmitter does the sympathetic system use?

A

norepinephrine

76
Q

enteric

A

plexuses in the wall of the gut. some of these are shared with parasympathetic division. involuntary muscels

Opt Anatomy (8 decks)

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