Thorax (1) Flashcards by Sarah Heath

Borders of the Thoracic Cage

superiorly: neck
Inferiorly: diaphragm
Laterally: ribs and intercostal spaces
Posteriorly: vertebral column
Anteriorly: Sternum and costal cartilage

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Functions of the Thoracic Cage

protect heart and lungs

2. Provide attachment point for muscles of the thorax, upper extremities, abdomen and back

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What are the 3 parts of the sternum?

manubrium
body
xiphoid process

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What are the two joints/junctions of the sternum

manubriosternal

2. Xiphisternal

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Parts of the vertebrae

spinous process, transverse process, body, facets

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True Ribs

Attach directly to sternum, ribs 1-7

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False ribs

ribs that attach to sternum via costal cartilage. ribs 8-10

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Floating ribs

no connection to sternum or other structures anteriorly. Rib pairs 11 and 12

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Parts of the ribs

head, neck, tubercle, angle, shaft, costal groove.

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How are ribs named?

after the vertebrae they are attached to

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costotransverse joint

Where the smooth articular surface of the tubercle of the rib (transverse costal facet) articulates with the transverse process of the same numbered vertebra

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Movements at the costotransverse joints in ribs 1-7

rotate, increasing the anteroposterior diameter of the thorax.

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Movements at the costotransverse joints in the 8-10 ribs?

glide, increasing the transverse diameter of the upper abdomen

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Joints of ribs 11 and 12

none

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costovertebral joint

where the vertebrae and boney part of the rib meet

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interchondral joint

between 2 pieces of cartilage

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costochondral joint

between cartilage in sternum and bone of rib

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sternocostal joint

where the cartilage of the rib meets the sternum

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What three muscles of respiration connect the ribs?

external intercostal, internal intercostal, and innermost intercostal

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innermost intercostal muscle

lined internally by the endothoracic fascia, which is lined by the parietal pleura.

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Intercostal nerves and blood vessels

superior to inferior: Vein, Artery, Nerve.

run between the intermediate and deepest layers of the muscles.

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Where do the intercostal vein, artery, and nerve sit?

in the costal groove of the rib, between the innermost and internal intercostal muscles

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at what angle do the external and internal intercostal muscles cross each other?

90 degrees

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All muscles of the thoracic cage

external intercostal muscles
internal intercostal muscles
innermost intercostal muscles
transverse thoracis
subcostales
levatores costarum
serratus posterior inferior
serratus posterior superior

All involved with breathing

innervation and action: external intercostal

innervation: intercostal nerve Action: elevate ribs

innervation and action: internal intercostal

innervation: intercostal nerve action: depress ribs

innervation and action: innermost intercostal

innervation: intercostal nerve action: elevate ribs

innervation and action: transversus thoracis

innervation: intercostal nerve action: depress ribs

innervation and action: subcostales

innervation: intercostal nerve action: depress ribs able to differentiate between this and intercostal muscles because this muscle skips ribs, not attached to each individual rib. well developed only in the lower part of the thorax

innervation and action: Levatores Costarum

innervation: Posterior rami of C8-T11 nerves action: elevate ribs

innervation and action: Serratus posterior superior

innervation: second to fifth intercostal nerves action: depress ribs

innervation and action: serratus posterior inferior

innervation: anterior rami of T9-T12 nerves actions: depress ribs

Blood supply to thoracic wall anteriorly

subclavian artery to internal thoracic artery to intercostal artery or its branch, the musculophrenic artery

Blood supply to thoracic wall posteriorly

intercostal arteries are branches of the aorta. Branches right off of dorsal aorta

Intercostal nerves

anterior rami of spinal nerves T1-T11, the anterior rams of T12 is the subcostal nerve

Venous drainage in the thorax posteriorly

Azygos vein and hemiazygos vein

Venous drainage of the thorax anteriorly

internal thoracic and musulophrenic veins

Muscles of inspiration

diaphragm, intercostal muscles, sternocleidomastoid, anterior/middle/posterior scalenes

Muscles of passive expiration

recoil from lung elasticity

Muscles of active expiration

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles (rectus abdominus, internal oblique, external oblique, and transversus abdominus

Mediastinum

heart cavity

pleural cavities

visceral, parietal

visceral pleura

thin membrane covering the lungs. directly on organ

Parietal pleura

inner surface of the chest wall. Directly on chest wall

parietal pleura divisions

costal, diaphragmatic, mediastinal, and cervical parts

Where do the visceral and parietal linings meet?

root of lung

Where is the inferior reflection of parietal pleura?

8th costochondral junction in the midclavicualr line and at the 10th rib in the midaxiallry line

apex of lungs

at the level of the neck of the 1st rib

Inferior border of the lungs

6th rib in the left midclavicular line and the 8th rib at the lateral aspect of the bony thorax at the midaxillary line

right lung

larger and heavier, shorter and wider. superior, middle, and inferior lobes

left lung

superior and inferior lobes separated by the oblique fissure

Root of the lung

made up of bronchi, pulmonary artery and veins, lymoh vessels, bronchial vessesl, and nerves. Surrounded by a tubular sheath of pleura, which joins the mediastinal parietal pleura to the visceral pleura

Bronchopulmonary segment

contains all of the important structures of piulmonary system, points like a pyramid. anatomical, functional, surgical units of the lungs

Main characteristics of the bronchopulmonary segment

- subdivision of a lung lobe - pyramid shape, apex toward lung root - surrounded by CT - segmental bronchus, segmental artery, lymph vessels, and autonomic nerves - segmented vein lies in the CT between the adjacent bronchopulmonary segments - diseased segment can be removes surgically

bronchioles

the smallest bronchi divide and give rise to these. possess no cartilage in their walls and are lined with columnar ciliated epithelium to brush out debris

pulmonary plexus

receives sympathetic contributions from the right and left sympathetic trunks and parasympathetic contributions from the right and left vagus nerve.

trachealis muscle

autonomic, constricts when you cough

bronchodilation and vasoconstriction

sympathetic

bronchoconstriction, vasodilation, and increased glandular secretion

parasympathetic