Anatomy and physiology Flashcards
(55 cards)
what are normal BP readings, elevated BP, high BP etc?
In congenital heart defects, what are cyanotic defects?
When the blood travels from the body to the lungs.
The 5 Ts are examples (don’t have to know!)
Tetralogy of Fallot, Truncus arteriosus, Transposition of great vessels, Tricuspid atresia, Total anomalour pulmonary vascular return
In congenital heart defects, what are Acyonotic?
When the blood returns from the lungs to the body.
5 defects that have 3 letter abbreviations (don’t have to remember).
Atrial septal defect, Ventricular septal defect, Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Patent ductus arteriosus, Coarctation of arota
What is systolic pressure?
Pressure against the vessel walls when the heart beats
What is Diastolic pressure?
Pressure against vessel walls when the heart relaxes.
What is acute hypertension?
Occurs on physical exertion, anxiety and stress
What is chronic hypertension?
Remains higher than normal with or without stimulus
What do SDCEP guidelines recommend on the use of antibiotic prophylaxis?
Antibiotic prophylaxis is not recommended routinely for people undergoing dental procedures
What prescription should be given to patients requiring antibiotic prophylaxis?
Amoxicillin 3g oral powder sachet one hour before procedure.
In patients who are allergic to penicillin, 600mg clindamycin capsules one hour before procedure
What is considered normal blood pressure?
Systolic <120, diastolic <80
What is considered elevated blood pressure?
Systolic 120-129, diastolic <80
What is considered high blood pressure?
Systolic 130-139, diastolic 80-89
What are some causative factors in high blood pressure?
Obesity, smoking, lack of physical activity, diet/alcohol, age, familial history/genetics, pain, medications (stimulants, decongestants, immunosuppressants), diseases (chronic kidney disease, hyperthyroid, acromegaly, sleep apneoa)
What are some oral side effects caused by HPB medication?
Dry mouth, taste changes, and ulcerations. Gingival hyperplasia related to calcium channel blockers. Angioedema related to ACE inhibitors and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers.
Gingival bleeding related to direct vasodialators
A 68 year old female with a history of a fractured neck of femur has been given medication to prevent her getting another fracture.
What two drugs is she likely to be taking?
Bisphosphonates
Calcium and vitamin D
What oral condition may arise from a patient taking bisphosphonates?
Osteonecrosis of the jaw
How can MRONJ be managed?
*Conservative approach
* Antiseptic mouthwash
* Antibiotics
* Surgical debridement
* Primary closure
How can MRONJ best be avoided in the first place?
* Avoid extractions
* Avoid trauma
* Good OH
* Aid healing by packing/suturing post ext
Briefly explain the main features of Stage 1 oral transportation in the context of food ingestion and mastication
Food gathered on tongue tip. Tongue retracts taking food back to the level of the posterior teeth
Briefly explain the main features of stage 2 oral transport in the context of food ingestion and mastication
Sufficiently masticated food is transferred to the oropharynx by a squeeze back mechanism in which the bolus is squeezed between the tongue and the palate
What are the 4 stages of swallowing?
- Oral phase; move food posteriorly. Some can pass onto pharyngeal surface of tongue. Liquid remains in the mouth in front of pillars.
- Pharyngeal phase. Bolus passes into pharynx. Misdirection of bolus is prevented by tongue blocking oral cavity, soft palate blocking nasal cavity and epiglottis blocking larynx.
- Oesophageal phase. Upper oesophageal sphincter constricts and bolus passes downwards.
- Lower oesophageal sphincter relaxes to admit bolus to stomach
Name two biological factors that can affect masticatory performance of a human being?
Number of occluding teeth.
Biting force
To which group of chemicals does chlorhexidine digluconate belong?
Bisbiguanides
Describe the mechanism of action of chlorhexidine digluconate
Chlorhexidine binds to the microbial cell walls causing cell wall damage and interfering with cell wall permiability. Leakage of cel contents leads to cell death. Dicationic; one ion binds to the oral surfaces and one ion to the bacterial cell membrane
