Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

define anatomy (2)

Answer 1

1. the science that deals with the structure of the body
2. the study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts & their relationships to one another

Question 2

etymology of anatomy

Answer 2

from Ancient Greek = dissection

Question 3

kinds of anatomy (4)

Answer 3

gross (macroscopic), microscopic, developmental, comparative

Question 4

define gross anatomy

Answer 4

study of structures one can see with the naked eye

Question 5

kinds of gross anatomy (2)

Answer 5

• regional: studying structures in a region of the body
• systematic: studying per system

Question 6

define microscopic anatomy

Answer 6

study of structures one can only see with an assistive device

Question 7

kinds of microscopic anatomy (3)

Answer 7

• cytology: study of cells
• histology: study of tissues
• organology: study of organs

Question 8

define developmental anatomy

Answer 8

study of anatomical changes in a life cycle

Question 9

kinds of developmental anatomy (3)

Answer 9

• embryology: study of prenatal development
• postnatal development: study of structures after birth
• ontogeny: total development of an individual

Question 10

define comparative anatomy

Answer 10

comparison of structures between organisms

Question 11

kinds of comparative anatomy (2)

Answer 11

• vertebrate
• phylogeny

Question 12

what is vertebrate comparative anatomy

Answer 12

study of similarities and differences in the structure of vertebrate’s bodies to understand how they have adapted to different environments and evolved from common ancestors

Question 13

what is phylogeny

Answer 13

study of evolutionary relationships between species, often using anatomical traits to reconstruct the evolutionary tree of life

Question 14

kinds of structures in organisms (2)

Answer 14

• homologous: similar structures in organisms with similar ancestors but functionality may or may not be the same
• analogous: similar structures in different organisms

Question 15

examples of homologous structures (4)

Answer 15

pentadactyl limbs in humans, cats, whales, and bats

Question 16

examples of analogous structures (3)

Answer 16

streamline appendages in sharks (fish), penguins (birds), and dolphins (mammals)

Question 17

types of tissue in the body (4)

Answer 17

nervous, epithelial, muscle, connective

Question 18

where is nervous tissue found (3)

Answer 18

brain, spinal cord, nerves

Question 19

where is epithelial tissue found (2)

Answer 19

lining of hollow organs, skin surface (epidermis)

Question 20

where is muscle tissue found (3)

Answer 20

• heart (cardiac muscle)
• walls of hollow organs (smooth muscle)
• attached to skeleton (skeletal muscle)

Question 21

where is connective tissue found (3)

Answer 21

soft padding (fat), bone, tendon

Question 22

define physiology

Answer 22

scientific discipline that studies the function of body structures

Question 23

what do structure and function correlate to

Answer 23

structure = anatomy
function = physiology

Question 24

how are structure and function related

Answer 24

structure determines what functions can take place

Question 25

examples of the relationship between structure and function (2)

Answer 25

1. the heart is made up of muscular chambers (structure) which allows it to pump blood (function) 2. lungs have very thin walls (structure) so gas exchange can take place (function)

Question 26

subdivisions of physiology (5)

Answer 26

- neurophysiology → nervous system - cardiovascular physiology → cardiovascular system - gastrointestinal physiology → digestive system - musculoskeletal physiology → muscular and skeletal system - respiratory physiology → respiratory system

Question 27

what's the integumentary system

Answer 27

largest organ of the body that forms a physical barrier between external and internal environment that it serves to protect and maintain

Question 28

components of integumentary system (5)

Answer 28

skin, hair, nails, sebaceous (oil) glands, sweat glands

Question 29

functions of integumentary system (4)

Answer 29

external covering, protection, vitamin D synthesis, location of sense receptors

Question 30

components of skeletal system (3)

Answer 30

bones, joints, adjacent cartilage

Question 31

functions of skeletal system (5)

Answer 31

support, protection, movement, blood cell production (red bone marrow), mineral storage (Ca, P)

Question 32

components of muscular system (2)

Answer 32

skeletal muscles, associated connective tissue (tendons)

Question 33

functions of muscular system (5)

Answer 33

locomotion, manipulation of environment, facial expressions (communication), maintain posture, produce heat

Question 34

components of of circulatory system (2)

Answer 34

cardiovascular system, lymphatic system

Question 35

functions of circulatory system (2)

Answer 35

transportation of materials 1) within body, 2) to and from internal and external environments

Question 36

components of cardiovascular system (2)

Answer 36

heart, blood vessels

Question 37

functions of cardiovascular system (2)

Answer 37

- blood transport - blood carries O2, CO2, nutrients, waste, etc.

Question 38

components of lymphatic system (2)

Answer 38

- lymphatic vessels - lymphatic organs (spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, etc.)

Question 39

functions of lymphatic system (2)

Answer 39

transportation of lymph (derived from tissue fluid), houses white blood cells

Question 40

components of immune system (2)

Answer 40

- immune organs (red bone marrow, thymus, etc.) - white blood cells (lymphocytes, macrophages, etc.)

Question 41

function of immune system

Answer 41

defense (immune response)

Question 42

components of nervous system (4)

Answer 42

brain, spinal cord (CNS), nerves (PNS), sense receptors

Question 43

functions of nervous system (2)

Answer 43

control system (fast, "hardwired"), response to external and internal environments

Question 44

components of endocrine system

Answer 44

hormone-secreting glands (e.g. pituitary, pancreas, thyroid, etc.)

Question 45

functions of endocrine system (2)

Answer 45

control system (slow, "chemical"), regulates processes like growth, reproduction, and nutrient use

Question 46

components of respiratory system (3)

Answer 46

lungs, tubing (trachea, bronchi, etc.), larynx

Question 47

functions of respiratory system (2)

Answer 47

gas exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and atmosphere, voice production

Question 48

components of digestive system (2)

Answer 48

alimentary canal (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine), accessory structures (liver, pancreas, salivary glands, etc.)

Question 49

functions of digestive system (2)

Answer 49

break down food into small absorbable pieces between blood and lumen, eliminate waste

Question 50

components of urinary system (4)

Answer 50

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

Question 51

functions of urinary system (3)

Answer 51

eliminate N waste from blood, barrier between blood and external environment, regulates water, electrolytes, and acids/bases

Question 52

functions of reproductive system (3)

Answer 52

perpetuation of species, hormones influence structure and function, sexually dimorphic species