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Biology UAS > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

define endocrinology (2)

A
  • intercellular chemical communication
  • it’s about communication systems & information transfer
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2
Q

functions of endocrine system? (5)

A
  • Maintain internal homeostasis
  • Support cell growth
  • Coordinate development
  • Coordinate reproduction
  • Facilitate responses to external stimuli
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3
Q

what is atrazine (2) and why is it harmful? (2)

A

herbicide, endocrine disruptor

feminizes frogs, decreases their thyroid hormone production

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4
Q

what else do endocrine disruptors affect (2)

A
  • amphibians in aquatic habitats
  • men in agricultural areas
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5
Q

fill in the blanks
In __________, __________ and __________ discovered the hormone __________.

A

1902, William Bayliss, Ernest Starling, secretin

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6
Q

define hormone?

A

molecule that only functions to convey information within an organism

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7
Q

what does secretin do?

A

stimulates the pancreas to secret digestive juices

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8
Q

etymology of “hormone”

A

Greek: “to set in motion”

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9
Q

what are hormones secreted by? (3)

A

endocrine glands, endocrine cells, certain neurons

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10
Q

how do hormones get around?

A

they travel through the bloodstream to nonadjacent target cells

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11
Q

main sources of hormones in the endocrine system? (8)

A
  • Pituitary gland
  • Adrenal glands
  • Thyroid gland
  • Parathyroid glands
  • Pineal gland
  • Thymus gland
  • Ovary
  • Testes
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12
Q

how do hormones get around?

A

travel through the bloodstream to nonadjacent target cells

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13
Q

the pineal gland produces… (1)

A

melatonin

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14
Q

the pituitary gland produces… (3)

A

GH, LH, TSH

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15
Q

the adrenal glands produce… (2)

A

adrenaline, noradrenaline

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16
Q

the thyroid gland produces… (2)

A

T3, T4

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17
Q

the parathyroid glands produce… (1)

A

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

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18
Q

the thymus gland produces… (1)

A

thymosin

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19
Q

the ovary produces… (2)

A

estrogen, progesterone

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20
Q

the testes produce… (1)

A

testosterone

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21
Q

types of hormones? (2)

A
  • steroid hormones
  • peptide hormones
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22
Q

What are steroid hormones derived from?

A

Cholesterol

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23
Q

Give examples of steroid hormones (5)

A

Estrogens, progestins, androgens, cortisol, aldosterone

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24
Q

What are peptide hormones made of (3)

A

Peptides, proteins, or glycoproteins

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25
examples of peptide hormones (10)
Glucagon, ADH, oxytocin, TRH, insulin, somatotropin, prolactin, FSH, LH, TSH
26
how does response to hormones vary? (2)
- different hormones activate different responses in the same target cell - not all cells respond to a particular hormone
27
elements of endocrine system (8)
- Sender = Sending Cell - Signal = Hormone - Nondestructive Medium = Serum & Hormone Binders - Selective Receiver = Receptor Protein - Transducer = Transducer Proteins & 2nd Messengers - Amplifier = Transducer/Effector Enzymes - Effector = Effector Proteins - Response = Cellular Response (2nd Hormones)
28
steps of hormone action (3)
Activation of receptor Transduction of signal Functional response
29
hormones and other signaling molecules support... (4)
metabolism, growth, development and reproduction
30
how do steroid hormones work? (3)
diffuse across plasma membrane > bind to a receptor > hormone-receptor complex acts in the nucleus to inhibit or enhance transcription
31
is response to steroid hormones fast or slow
slow
32
why should bodybuilders avoid steroids? (2)
- Long-term use can harm liver, kidneys, and heart - Extreme liquid retention can cause heart failure
33
how do peptide hormones work? (2)
Binds to a receptor at the cell surface > triggers a change in the activity of enzymes inside the cell
34
is response to peptide hormones fast or slow
fast
35
What is normal hormone production?
body produces only very small amounts of hormones
36
thyroid gland disorders (3)
goiter, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism
37
cause of goiter?
deficiency in iodine
38
what happens during elevated blood glucose? (4)
pancreas produces insulin > cells take up glucose, liver converts glucose to glycogen > glucose falls (homeostasis)
39
what happens during low blood glucose? (3)
pancreas produces glucagon > liver converts glycogen to glucose > glucose rises (homeostasis)
40
what are normal blood glucose levels?
90 mg/100 ml
41
what is diabetes mellitus?
accumulation of excess glucose
42
what is type 1 diabetes? (3)
Autoimmune disease Usually appears in childhood Treated with insulin injections
43
what is type 2 diabetes? (3)
Target cells don’t respond to insulin Usually appears in adults Treated with improved diet and drugs
44
Eyes complications in diabetes? (3)
Vision changes, retinal blood vessel damage, blindness
45
Skin complications in diabetes? (3)
bacterial/fungal infections, discoloration, thickened skin
46
Digestive system complications in diabetes? (3)
Gum disease, heartburn, nausea
47
Kidney complications in diabetes? (1)
Increased risk of kidney disease/failure
48
Heart & blood vessel complications in diabetes? (4)
Heart attack, stroke, high blood pressure, poor circulation
49
Limbs complications in diabetes? (4)
Loss of pain sensations, calluses, foot ulcers, amputation of necrotic parts
50
other signalling molecules? (3)
neurotransmitters, local signaling molecules, pheromones
51
plant hormones (5)
gibberellins, auxins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, ethylene
52
functions of gibberellin in nature (3)
Helps seeds and buds break dormancy Makes stems lengthen Influences flowering
53
applications of gibberellin (2)
enhances stem length, control ripening
54
functions of auxins (2)
promote stem lengthening, play a role in responses to gravity and light
55
most common auxin in nature?
Indoleacetic acid (IAA)
56
function of cytokinins?
Promote cell division
57
where are cytokinins most abundant?
root and shoot meristems and in maturing fruits
58
applications of cytokinins? (2)
extend the shelf life of cut flowers, delays leaf death
59
functions of abscisic acid (ABA)? (2)
promotes dormancy of buds and seeds, plays a role in drought response
60
application of abscisic acid? (1)
induce dormancy in plants to be shipped
61
function of ethylene (1)
induces aging responses
62
application of ethylene
ripen fruits for market
63
growth regulators in plants (4)
brassinolides, jasmonates, salicylic acid, systemin

Biology UAS (7 decks)

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