Anatomy and physiology

Question 1

Anatomy and Physiology
The musculoskeletal system includes muscles, bones, joints, and related structures, such as the tendons and connective tissue that function in the support and movement of body parts and organs. (See Fig. 10-1.)

Question 2

Place of union between two or more bones; also called joint

Answer 2

Articulation

Question 3

Production and development of blood cells, normally in the bone marrow

Answer 3

Hematopoiesis

Question 4

Connective tissue that surrounds the joint capsule to bind bones to other bones

Answer 4

ligaments

Question 5

Connective tissue that binds muscle to bone on either side of a joint
Contraction of the muscle attached to the bone by It, forces the bones in the joint to move.

Answer 5

Tendons

Question 6

Muscles
Muscle tissue is composed of contractile cells, or fibers, that provide movement of an organ or body part. Muscles contribute to posture, produce body heat, and act as a protective covering for internal organs. Muscles make up the bulk of the body. They have the ability to contract, relax, and return to their original size and shape. Whether muscles are attached to bones or found in internal organs and blood vessels, their primary responsibility is movement.

Question 7

Apparent motions provided by muscles include walking and talking. Less apparent motions include the passage and elimination of food through the digestive system, propulsion of blood through the arteries, and contraction of the bladder to eliminate urine.

Question 8

Skeletal muscles are attached to bones and provide the means for movement. Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles that contract and relax in response to conscious thought. Because of their____ appearance on microscopic examination, they are also called____ muscles. Some examples of voluntary muscles are muscles that move the eyeballs, tongue, and bones.

Answer 8

Striped
Striated

Question 9

Smooth muscles are mainly responsible for assisting internal processes, such as digestion, circulation, and____. Thus, they are called___ muscles. Because their movement is not under conscious control but functions under the control of the autonomic (involuntary) nervous system, they are also known as involuntary muscles. Some examples of involuntary muscles are those in the digestive tract that propel food through the alimentary canal and those in the urinary system that control urination.

Answer 9

Urination
Visceral

Question 10

Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart wall, where it forms the myocardium. It is___ like skeletal muscle, but it also produces ___mic involuntary contractions like smooth muscle.

Answer 10

striated
rhyth

Question 11

Adduction moves closer to the midline

Abduction moves away from the midline

Flexion decreases the angle of a joint

Extension increases the angle of a joint

Question 12

____moves a joint around its own axis

Pronation turns up palm downward

Supination turns a palm upward

Answer 12

Rotation

Question 13

Inversion moves the sole of the foot inwards

Eversion moves the sole of the foot outwards

Question 14

Dorsal flexion____ the foot

____flexion lowers the foot or points the toes

Answer 14

elevates

Plantar

Question 15

Bones provide the framework of the body, protect internal organs, allow for movement, store calcium and other minerals, and produce blood cells within bone marrow (hematopoiesis). The bones of the skull protect the brain; the rib cage protects the heart and lungs; the pelvic bones protect the developing fetus and reproductive organs. Movement is possible because bones provide points of attachment for muscles, tendons, and ligaments. As muscles contract, tendons and ligaments pull on bones and cause skeletal movement. Bones serve as a storehouse for minerals, particularly____ and calcium.

Answer 15

phosphorus

Question 16

Bone Types
There are four principal types of bone:
• Short bones are somewhat cube-shaped and are nearly equal in length and width. Examples of short bones include the bones of the wrist (___) and ankles (___).

Answer 16

carpals
tarsals

Question 17

Irregular bones include the bones that cannot be classified as short or long because of their complex shapes. Examples of irregular bones include v____ and the bones of the middle___.

Answer 17

ertebrae
Ear

Question 18

Flat bones are exactly what their name suggests. They provide broad surfaces for muscular attachment or protection for internal organs. Examples of flat bones include bones of the skull, shoulder blades, and____.

Answer 18

sternum

Question 19

Long bones are found in the extremities of the body, such as the legs, arms, and____. The long bones have (regular) well-defined shapes. Each long bone has___ main parts.

Answer 19

fingers
three

Question 20

Each long bone has three main parts:
• The (1) diaphysis is the shaft, or long, main portion of a bone. It consists of____ bone that forms a cylinder and surrounds a central canal called the (2)_____ cavity. Which is filled with “____ bone marrow,” so named because it is composed mainly of blood vessels and fatty tissue.

The (3) distal epiphysis and (4) proximal epiphysis (plural, epiphyses) are the two ends of the bones. Both ends have a somewhat_____ shape to provide space for muscle and ligament attachments near the joints.

Answer 20

compact
medullary
yellow

bulbous

Question 21

Each epiphysis consists of three layers of tissue
1. ___cartilage,
which is a thin outer layer of cartilage where bones meet to form,
_____

2. the
   epiphys___ (_____plate), an area of cartilage constantly being replaced by new bone tissue as the bone grows and that is responsible for lengthening bones during childhood and adolescence and calcifies and disappears when the bone has achieved its full growth
3. -thick, dense layer of hard compact bone.
   -inner layer of porous tissue called (8) spongy or____ bone that is less dense than compact bone and is filled with red bone marrow, so named because it is composed mainly of blood cells in various stages of development.

Answer 21

articular
Joints
eal line
Growth
cancellous

Question 22

The (9)____, a dense, white, fibrous membrane, covers the remaining surface of the bone. It contains numerous blood and____ vessels and nerves. In growing bones, the inner layer contains the bone-forming cells known as osteo___. The periosteum provides a means for bone___ and general bone nu__. The periosteum also serves as a point of___ for muscles, ligaments, and tendons.

Answer 22

periosteum lymph
blasts
repair
trition
attachment

Question 23

Surface Features of Bones
Surfaces of bones are rarely smooth but consist of projections, articulating surfaces, depressions, and openings. These surfaces provide sites for muscle and ligament attachment. They also provide pathways and openings for blood vessels and nerves. Various types of projections are evident in bones, some of which serve as points of articulation.

Question 24

Surface type: projection.
-______surface

Bone marking:
• Trochanter

Description
• Very large, irregularly shaped process found only on the femur

Example:
• Greater trochanter of the

Answer 24

Non-articulating

Question 25

Surface type: Projection. -Sites of muscle and ligament attachment Bone marking: - _____ (Small rounded process) Example:____ on the femur Bone marking -_____ (Large rounded process) Example:___ of the humorous

Answer 25

tubercle2x tuberosity2x

Question 26

Surface type: Articulating surfaces -projections that form joints Bone marking -_____ A rounded, articulated nob. Ex: the___ of the humorous _____- a Prominent, rounded, articulating end of a bone Ex:____ of the femur

Answer 26

condyle 2x Head 2x

Question 27

Surface type Depressions and Openings - Sites for blood vessel, nerve, and duct passage Bone marking? -_____ Description -Rounded opening through a bone to accommodate blood vessels and nerves Ex:_____ of the skull through which cranial nerves pass

Answer 27

Foramen2x

Question 28

Surface type Depressions and openings Bone -_____ Narrow, slitlike opening Ex:_____ of the sphenoid bone

Answer 28

Fissure2x

Question 29

Surface type Depression and openings Bone- -____ Description • Opening or passage into a bone Ex: • External auditory____ of the temporal bone

Answer 29

Meatus2x

Question 30

Depressions and openings Bone - _____ Description • Cavity or hollow space in a bone Ex: • Cavity of the frontal____ containing a duct that carries secretions to the upper part of the nasal cavity

Answer 30

Sinus2x

Question 31

Divisions of the Skeletal System The skeletal system of a human adult consists of____ individual bones. For anatomical purposes, the human skeleton is divided into the___ skeleton and____ skeleton.

Answer 31

206 axial appendicular

Question 32

Axial Skeleton The axial skeleton is divided into three major regions: skull, rib cage, and vertebral column. It contributes to the formation of body cavities and provides protection for internal organs, such as the brain, spinal cord, and organs enclosed in the thorax.

Question 33

Skull The bony structure of the skull consists of cranial bones and____ bones. With the exception of one facial bone, all other bones of the skull are joined together by____ the lines of junction between two bones, especially of the skull, usually immovable.

Answer 33

facial sutures

Question 34

Cranial, ____ bones, collectively known as the cranium (skull), enclose and protect the brain and the organs of hearing and equilibrium. Cranial bones are connected to muscles to provide head movements, chewing motions, and facial expressions.

Answer 34

8

Question 35

At birth, the skull is incompletely developed, with fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones. These membranous areas are called_____ or, more commonly, soft spots. They permit some movement between the bones that enables an infant’s skull to pass more easily through the birth canal. Eventually, the fontanels close as the cranial bones grow together.

Answer 35

fontanels

Question 36

The (1) frontal bone forms the anterior portion of the skull (forehead) and the roof of the bony cavities that contain the eyeballs. One (2)____ bone is situated on each side of the skull just behind the frontal bone. Together they form the upper sides and roof of the cranium. Each parietal bone meets the frontal bone along the (3)____ suture.

Answer 36

parietal coronal

Question 37

A single (4)____ bone forms the back and base of the skull. It contains an opening in its base through which the spinal cord passes. Two (5) temporal bone(s), one on each side of the skull, form part of the lower cranium. Each temporal bone has a complicated shape that contains various cavities and recesses associated with the____, the essential part of the organ of hearing and balance

Answer 37

occipital internal ear

Question 38

The temporal bone projects downward to form the____ process, which provides a point of attachment for several neck___ The (6)____ bone, located at the middle part of the base of the skull, forms a central wedge that joins with all other cranial bones, holding them together. The (7)____ bone is the anterior cranial bone located between the nasal cavity and parts of the orbits of the eyes.

Answer 38

mastoid (Posterior portion of the temporal bone) Muscles Sphenoid ethmoid

Question 39

Facial Bones All facial bones, with the exception of the (8) mandible (lower jaw bone), are joined together by sutures and are immovable. Movement of the mandible is necessary for speaking and chewing (mastication). The (9) maxillae (singular, maxilla), paired upper jawbones, are fused in the midline by a suture. They form the upper jaw and hard palate (roof of the mouth). If the maxillary bones do not fuse properly before birth, a congenital defect called cleft palate results

Question 40

The maxillae and mandible contain sockets for the roots of the teeth. Two thin, nearly rectangular bones, the (10) nasal bones, lie side by side and are fused medially, forming the shape and the bridge of the nose.

Question 41

Two paired (11) lacrimal bones are located at the corner of each eye. These thin, small bones unite to form the groove for the lacrimal sac and canals through which the tear ducts pass into the nasal cavity. The paired (12) zygomatic bones (cheekbones) are located on the side of the face below the eyes and form the higher portion of the cheeks below and to the sides of the eyes.

Question 42

The (13) vomer is a single, thin bone that forms the lower part of the nasal septum. Other important structures, the paranasal sinuses, are cavities located within the cranial and facial bones. As their names imply, the frontal, ethmoidal, sphenoidal, and maxillary sinuses are named after the bones in which they are located.

Question 43

The term thorax refers to the entire chest. The internal organs of the thorax include the heart and lungs, which are enclosed in and protected by the thoracic cage (rib cage). The thoracic cage consists of___ pairs of ribs, all attached to the spine. The first____ pairs, the (1) true ribs, are attached directly to the (2) sternum by a strip of (3) costal___. The costal cartilage of the next ___pairs of ribs is not fastened directly to the sternum, so these ribs are known as (4) false ribs. The last___ pairs of false ribs are not joined, even indirectly, to the sternum but attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae. These last two pairs of false ribs are known as (5)___ ribs

Answer 43

12 7 Cartilage 5 2 Floating

Question 44

The vertebral column of the adult is composed of ____ bones called vertebrae (singular, vertebra). The vertebral column supports the body and provides a protective bony canal for the spinal cord. A healthy, normal spine has four curves that help make it resilient and maintain balance. The cervical and lumbar regions curve____, whereas the thoracic and sacral regions curve ____

Answer 44

26 Forward Backward

Question 45

The vertebral column consists of ___ regions of bones, each deriving its name from its location within the spinal column. The___ (1) cervical vertebrae form the skeletal framework of the neck. The first cervical vertebra, the (2)___, supports the skull. The second cervical vertebra, the (3)__, makes possible the rotation of the skull on the neck

Answer 45

5 7 atlas Axis

Question 46

Under the cervical vertebra are 12 (4) thoracic vertebrae, which support the chest and serve as a point of articulation for the ribs. The next five vertebrae, the (5) lumbar vertebrae, are situated in the lower back area and carry most of the weight of the torso. Below this area are ____ sacral vertebrae, which are fused into a single bone in the adult and are referred to as the (6) sacrum. The tail of the vertebral column consists of ____fragmented fused vertebrae referred to as the (7)___.

Answer 46

5 4-5 Coccyx

Question 47

Vertebrae are separated by flat, round structures, the (8)____, which are composed of a fibrocartilaginous substance with a____ mass in the center (nucleus____).

Answer 47

-Intervertebral Discs -gelatinous -pulpuses

Question 48

The appendicular skeleton consists of bones of the upper and lower limbs and their girdles, which attach the limbs to the axial skeleton. The appendicular skeleton is distinguished with a blue color in Figure 10-3. The axial skeleton protects internal organs and provides central support for the body; the appendicular skeleton enables body movement. The ability to walk, run, or catch a ball is possible because of the movable joints of the limbs that make up the appendicular skeleton.

Question 49

The (1) pectoral (shoulder) girdle consists of two bones, the anterior (2) clavicle (collarbone) and the posterior (3) scapula (triangular shoulder blade). The primary function of the pectoral girdle is to attach the bones of the upper limbs to the axial skeleton and provide attachments for muscles that aid upper limb movements. The paired pectoral structures and their associated muscles form the shoulders of the body.

Question 50

Upper Limbs The skeletal framework of each upper limb includes the arm, forearm, and hand. Anatomically speaking, the arm is only that part of the upper limb between the shoulder and elbow. Each appendage consists of the (4) humerus (upper arm bone) as well as the (5) radius and (6) ulna, the two bones that constitute the forearm and articulate at the elbow with the humerus. The bones of each hand include___ (7) carpals (wrist), five radiating (8) ____ (palm), and__ radiating (9) phalanges (fingers).pa

Answer 50

8 Metacarpals 10

Question 51

Pelvic Girdle The (10) pelvic girdle (hip bone) is a basin-shaped structure that attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton. Along with its associated ligaments, it supports the trunk of the body and provides protection for lower organs of digestion and urinary and reproductive structures. Male and female pelves (singular, pelvis) differ considerably in size and shape but share the same basic structures. Generally, the bones of males are___ and___ and possess larger surface markings than those of females of comparable age and physical stature. Some of the differences are attributable to the function of the female pelvis during childbearing. The female pelvis is____ than the male pelvis but____ in all directions. The female pelvis not only supports the enlarged uterus as the fetus matures but also provides a___ to allow the infant to pass through during birth.

Answer 51

Larger & heavier shallower wider Large opening

Question 52

The lower limbs support the complete weight of the erect body and are subjected to exceptional stresses, especially in running or jumping. To accommodate for these forces, the lower limb bones are stronger and thicker than comparable bones of the upper limbs. There are three parts of each lower limb: the thigh, the leg, and the foot. The thigh consists of a single bone called the (18) femur. It is the largest, longest, and strongest bone in the body. The leg is formed by two parallel bones: the (19) tibia and the (20) fibula. A small triangular bone, the (21) patella (kneecap), is located anterior to the knee joint. The___ (22) tarsals (ankle bones) resemble carpals (wrist bones) in structure. Lastly, the bones of each foot include the (23) metatarsals, which consists of __ small long bones numbered 1 to 5 beginning with the___ on the medial side of the foot, and the much smaller (24)___ (toes).

Answer 52

7 5 Great toe phalanges

Question 53

To allow for body movements, bones must have points where they meet (articulate). These articulating points form joints that have various degrees of mobility. The joint capsule contains a lubrication fluid (___fluid) that nourishes and protects the joint. The need for greater or lesser flexibility determines the type of joint in any specific location. There are three types of joints. All three types are necessary for smooth, coordinated body movements.

Answer 53

synovial

Question 54

Blood, Lymphatic, and Immune • Muscle action pumps lymph through lymphatic vessels. • Bone marrow provides a place for cells of the immune system to develop. Cardiovascular • Bone helps regulate blood calcium levels, which are important to heart function. Digestive • Muscles play an important role in swallowing and propelling food through the digestive tract. • Muscles of the stomach mechanically break down food to prepare it for chemical digestion. Endocrine • Exercising skeletal muscles stimulates release of hormones to increase blood flow. Urinary • Bones work in conjunction with the kidneys to help regulate blood calcium levels. • Skeletal muscles help control urine elimination.

Question 55

Female Reproductive • Muscles are important in sexual activity and during delivery of the fetus. • Bones provide a source of calcium during pregnancy and lactation if dietary intake is lacking or insufficient. • The pelvis helps support the enlarged uterus during pregnancy. Integumentary • Involuntary muscle contractions (shivering) help regulate body temperature. Male Reproductive • Muscles play an important role in sexual activity. Nervous • Bones protect the brain and spinal cord. Respiratory • Muscles elevate ribs and contract the diaphragm to assist in the breathing process.

Question 56

leiomy/o? leiomy/oma (lī-ō-mī-Ō-mă): tumor of smooth muscle

Answer 56

smooth (visceral) muscle

Question 57

muscul/o, my/o muscle muscul/ar (MŬS-kū-lăr): -ar: pertaining to my/oma (mī-Ō-mă):

Question 58

rhabd/o rhabd/oid (RĂB-doyd): -oid: resembling

Answer 58

rod-shaped (striated)

Question 59

rhabdomy/o? rhabdomy/oma (răb-dō-mī-Ō-mă): -oma: tumor

Answer 59

rod-shaped (striated) muscle

Question 60

Bones of the Upper Body brachi/o arm brachi/algia (brā-kē-ĂL-jē-ă): -algia: pain

Question 61

carp/o carpus (wrist bone) carp/o/ptosis (kăr-pŏp-TŌ-sĭs): -ptosis: prolapse, downward displacement Carpoptosis is commonly called wrist drop.

Question 62

cephal/o head cephal/ad (SĔF-ă-lăd): -ad: toward

Question 63

cervic/o neck; cervix uteri (neck of the uterus) cervic/o/dynia (sĕr-vĭ-kō-DĬN-ē-ă): -dynia: pain Cervicodynia is also called cervical neuralgia.

Question 64

clavicul/o clavicle (collar bone) clavicul/ar (klă-VĬK-ū-lăr): -ar: pertaining to

Question 65

cost/o ribs cost/ectomy (kŏs-TĔK-tō-mē): -ectomy: excision, removal

Question 66

crani/o cranium (skull) crani/o/tomy (krā-nē-ŎT-ō-mē): -tomy: incision

Question 67

dactyl/o fingers; toes dactyl/itis (dăk-tĭl-Ī-tĭs): -itis: inflammation

Question 68

humer/o humerus (upper arm bone) humer/o/scapul/ar (hū-mĕr-ō-SKĂP-ū-lăr): scapul: scapula (shoulder blade) -ar: pertaining t

Question 69

metacarp/o metacarpus (hand bones) metacarp/ectomy (mĕt-ă-kăr-PĔK-tō-mē): -ectomy: excision, removal

Question 70

phalang/o phalanges (bones of the fingers and toes) phalang/ectomy (făl-ăn-JĔK-tō-mē): -ectomy: excision, removal

Question 71

radi/o radiation, x-ray; radius (lower arm bone on the thumb side) radi/al (RĀ-dē-ăl): -al: pertaining to

Question 72

spondyl/o, vertebr/o vertebrae (backbone) spondyl/itis (spŏn-dĭl-Ī-tĭs): -itis: inflammation The combining form spondyl/o describes diseases and conditions inter/vertebr/al (ĭn-tĕr-VĔRT-ĕ-brĕl): inter-: between -al: pertaining to The combining form vertebr/o indicat

Question 73

stern/o sternum (breastbone) stern/ad (STĔR-năd): -ad: toward

Question 74

thorac/o chest thorac/o/dynia (thō-răk-ō-DĬN-ē-ă): -dynia: pain

Question 75

Bones of the Lower Body calcane/o calcaneum (heel bone) calcane/o/dynia (kăl-kā-nē-ō-DĬN-ē-ă): -dynia: pain

Question 76

femor/o femur (thigh bone) femor/al (FĔM-or-ăl): -al: pertaining to

Question 77

fibul/o fibula (smaller bone of the lower leg) fibul/o/calcane/al (fĭb-ū-lō-kăl-KĀ-nē-ăl): calcane: calcaneum (heel bone) -al: pertaining to

Question 78

ili/o ilium (lateral, flaring portion of the hip bone) ili/o/pelv/ic (ĭl-ē-ō-PĔL-vĭk): pelv: pelvis -ic: pertaining t

Question 79

ischi/o ischium (lower portion of the hip bone) ischi/o/dynia (ĭs-kē-ō-DĬN-ē-ă): -dynia: pain

Question 80

lumb/o loins (lower back) lumb/o/dynia (lŭm-bō-DĬN-ē-ă): -dynia: pain

Question 81

metatars/o metatarsus (foot bones) metatars/algia (mĕt-ă-tăr-SĂL-jē-ă): -algia: pain Metatarsalgia radiates from the head of the metatarsus and worsens with weight-bearing activity or palpation.

Question 82

patell/o patella (kneecap) patell/ectomy (păt-ĕ-LĔK-tō-mē): -ectomy: excision, removal

Question 83

pelv/i/pelv/o ____ pelv/i/metry* -metry: act of measuring Pelvimetry is routinely performed in _____etrical (pregnancy) management. pelv/ic (PĔL-vĭc): -ic: pertaining to A woman’s pelvis is usually less massive but wider and more circular than a

Answer 83

pelvis obst

Question 84

pod/o ______ pod/iatry (pō-DĪ-ă-trē): -iatry: ?? medicine, treatment

Answer 84

foot Medicine, treatment

Question 85

pub/o ____(anterior part of the pelvic bone) pub/o/coccyg/eal (pū-bō-kŏk-SĬJ-ē-ăl): coccyg: coccyx (____) -eal: pertaining to

Answer 85

pubis tailbone

Question 86

tibi/o tibia (larger bone of the lower leg) tibi/o/femor/al (tĭb-ē-ō-FĔM-or-ăl): femor: femur -al: pertaining to

Question 87

Other ankyl/o stiffness; bent, crooked ankyl/osis (ăng-kĭ-LŌ-sĭs): -osis: abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells) Ankylosis results in immobility and stiffness of a joint. It may be the result of trauma, surgery, or disease and most commonly occurs in rheumatoid arthritis.

Question 88

arthr/o joint arthr/itis (ăr-THRĪ-tĭs): -itis: inflammation

Question 89

chondr/o cartilage chondr/itis (kŏn-DRĪ-tĭs): -itis: inflammation

Question 90

fasci/o ____(fibrous membrane supporting and separating muscles) fasci/o/plasty -plasty: surgical repair

Answer 90

band, fascia

Question 91

fibr/o _____ fibr/oma (fī-BRŌ-mă): -oma: tumor

Answer 91

fiber, fibrous tissue

Question 92

kyph/o humpback kyph/osis (kī-FŌ-sĭs): -osis: abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells)

Question 93

lamin/o:____ (part of vertebral arch) lamin/ectomy (lăm-ĭ-NĔK-tō-mē): -ectomy: excision, removal usually performed to relieve compression of the spinal cord or a lesion or herniated disk.

Answer 93

lamina

Question 94

lord/o curve, swayback lord/osis (lor-DŌ-sĭs): -osis: abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells)

Question 95

_____ bone marrow; spinal cord myel/o/cyte (MĪ-ĕl-ō-sīt): -cyte: cell

Answer 95

myel/o

Question 96

ped:____ -ist: specialist Historically, _____they corrected deformities and straightened children’s bones. In today’s medical practice, however, the orthopedist treats musculoskeletal disorders and associated structures in persons of all ages.

Answer 96

Foot, child orth/o/ped/ist

Question 97

oste/o bone oste/oma (ŏs-tē-Ō-mă): -oma: tumor Osteomas are benign bony tumors.

Question 98

ped/o, ped/i \____ ped/o/graph (PĔD-ō-grăf): -graph: instrument for recording A pedograph produces an imprint of the foot and studies the gait (manner of walking). ped/i/cure** (PĔD-ĭ-kūr):

Answer 98

foot; child

Question 99

scoli/o crooked, bent scoli/osis (skō-lē-Ō-sĭs): -osis: abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells) Scoliosis is characterized by a lateral spinal curvature.

Question 100

synov/o synovial membrane, synovial fluid synov/ectomy (sĭn-ō-VĔK-tō-mē): -ectomy: excision, removal

Question 101

ten/o, tendin/o, tend/o tendon ten/o/desis (tĕn-ŌD-ĕ-sĭs): -desis: binding, fixation (of a bone or joint) tend/o/plasty (TĔN-dō-plăs-tē): -plasty: surgical repair tendin/itis (tĕn-dĭn-Ī-tĭs):

Question 102

Suffixes -asthenia _________ my/asthenia (mī-ăs-THĒ-nē-ă): my: muscle

Answer 102

weakness, debility

Question 103

_____ to break; surgical fracture oste/o/clasia oste/o: bone Osteoclasia is the____ fracture of a bone to correct a deformity and is also called osteoclasis.

Answer 103

clasia intentional

Question 104

_____ binding, fixation (of a bone or joint) arthr/o/desis (ăr-thrō-DĒ-sĭs): arthr/o: joint This procedure immobilizes a joint to relieve intractable___.

Answer 104

Desis pain

Question 105

-porosis porous oste/o/porosis (ŏs-tē-ō-pŏ-RŌ-sĭs): oste/o: bone Osteoporosis is a disorder characterized by loss of bone density. It may cause pain, especially in the lower back; pathological fractures; loss of stature; and hairline fractures.

Question 106

malacia softening chondr/o/malacia (kŏn-drō-măl-Ā-shē-ă): chondr/o: cartilage Chondromalacia is a deterioration of the articular cartilage, usually involving the patella.

Question 107

______ malignant tumor of connective tissue chondr/o/sarcoma: chondr/o: cartilage Connective tissue is found in cartilage,____, blood____,____, nerves, and muscles.

Answer 107

sarcoma fat vessels bone

Question 108

a- without, not a/trophy (ĂT-rō-fē): -trophy: development, nourishment Atrophy causes a wasting or decrease in size or physiological activity of a part of the body because of disease or other influences.

Question 109

____ bad; painful; difficult dys/trophy (DĬS-trō-fē): -trophy: development, nourishment

Answer 109

Dys Dystrophy is degenerative inherently by genetics

Question 110

______- union, together, joined syn/dactyl/ism (sĭn-DĂK-tĭl-ĭzm): dactyl: fingers, toes -ism: condition Syndactylism results in a fusion of two or more fingers or toes.

Answer 110

syn