Diseases

Question 1

Disease Focus
Musculoskeletal disorders include a variety of conditions that affect the muscles, bones, and joints found in neck, shoulders, wrists, back, hips, legs, knees, and feet. Pain and discomfort commonly associated with these disorders may interfere with everyday activities. These disorders are extremely common, and risk increases with age. Early diagnosis is the key to easing pain while potentially decreasing further bodily damage.
Given the different areas of the body that make up the musculoskeletal system, several other diseases can produce significant musculoskeletal signs and symptoms. These disorders include but are not limited to lower back pain, fibromyalgia, gout, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and tendinitis. Some of these disorders can cause mild discomfort to debilitating pain. ______is the most common musculoskeletal disorder.

Answer 1

Low back pain

Question 2

___is the branch of medicine concerned with the prevention, diagnosis, care, and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders. The physician who specializes in the diagnoses and treatment of musculoskeletal disorders is known as an____. These physicians use medical, physical, and surgical methods to restore function that has been lost as a result of musculoskeletal injury or disease.

Answer 2

Orthopedics orthopedist

Question 3

Another physician who specializes in treating joint disease is a____. Still another physician, a Doctor of____ (DO), maintains that good health requires proper alignment of bones, muscles, ligaments, and nerves. Like medical doctors, osteopathic physicians combine manipulative procedures with state-of-the-art methods of medical treatment, including prescribing drugs and performing surgeries. The osteopathic physician has the same rights, privileges, and responsibilities as the Doctor of___ (MD).

Answer 3

rheumatologist
Osteopathy
Medicine

Question 4

A_____ is a break or crack in a bone. can range in severity from a simple hairline crack to the most serious type, where the end of the broken bone pierces through the flesh (___fracture,
___ fracture). Fractures usually result from trauma but may also be caused by disease (pathological fracture). Imaging procedures confirm and determine the severity of fractures.

Answer 4

fracture
open compound

Question 5

Treatment of fractures involves restoring the bone to its normal position (___). In a closed reduction, the practitioner repairs the fracture without a surgical incision of the area by aligning the bone through manual___ or traction. Once the practitioner reduces the fracture, the bone is____ using a cast or sling to maintain the position of the bone until healing occurs. In an open reduction, realignment of the two broken ends of the bone takes place under direct observation by exposing the fracture using surgery. It is required when a bone pierces through the skin (compound fracture), when the practitioner cannot align the bone through closed reduction, or when the fracture extends into a____. Internal fixation devices, such as screws, pins, wires, and nails, stabilize the bone to maintain alignment while healing takes place.

Answer 5

reduction
manipulation
immobilized
joint

Question 6

If the bone has a hairline or minor fracture, no repair may be necessary, except rest and refraining from doing activities that aggravate the area until it is healed. For larger fractures and pain that persists, the practitioner will immobilize the area.

Question 7

_____, a general term for many joint diseases, is an inflammation of a joint, usually accompanied by pain, swelling, and_____. Because of their location and constant use, joints are prone to_____ injuries and inflammation. The main types of arthritis are rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.

Answer 7

Arthritis deformity stress

Question 8

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a systemic disease characterized by inflammatory changes in joints and their related structures, results in crippling_____..)mThis form of arthritis is caused by an autoimmune disease that destroys_____ tissue. It occurs most commonly in women between ages 23 and____ but can affect people of any age group. Flare-ups (exacerbations) of this disease are commonly associated with periods of increased physical or emotional____. In addition to joint changes, adjacent muscles, bones, and skin____. There is no specific cure, but NSAIDs, physical therapy, and orthopedic measures help treat less severe cases.

Answer 8

deformities joint
35
M
atrophy

stress

Question 9

_____, also known as degenerative joint disease (DJD), is by far the most common form of arthritis. It is a progressive, degenerative disease that occurs when the protective cartilage at the end of the bones wears down. Pain and stiffness in the joints are the most common symptoms. The pain is commonly worse after exercise and when putting weight or pressure on the joint. Over time, the joints become stiffer and harder to move. There may also be a rubbing, grating, or crackling sound (____) with movement of the joint. Nevertheless, some persons are asymptomatic, even though x-rays show the changes of osteoarthritis.

Answer 9

Osteoarthritis
crepitation

Question 10

Almost everyone has some symptoms by age 70, but these symptoms may be minor. The joints most commonly affected include the hands, knees, hips, and spine. There is a higher risk of DJD in younger athletes and overweight individuals of all ages. Playing sports that involve direct impact on the joint (such as tennis or football), twisting (such as basketball or soccer), and throwing also increase the risk of_____. In osteoarthritis, new bone growth (bone spur, or osteophyte) commonly occurs at_____ surfaces. The smallest joints at the ends of the fingers are commonly affected by___ formation that leads to the classic bony enlargement referred to as ____den nodes, also known as generalized osteoarthrosis of hand. NSAIDs, physical therapy, and orthopedic measures are common treatments for osteoarthritis.

Answer 10

osteoarthritis articular
spur
Heber

Question 11

Muscular Dystrophy
Muscular dystrophy is a group of more than 30 inherited diseases that cause progressive weakness of skeletal muscles and loss of muscle mass. Some forms of muscular dystrophy also affect the heart muscle. Symptoms of the most common variety, ____enne muscular dystrophy, begin in childhood, usually between ages _____. These symptoms occur primarily in boys and develop rapidly. By about 12 years of age, those afflicted are unable to walk. As the disease progresses, swallowing and breathing become difficult, and a respirator is required. With other types of muscular dystrophy, symptoms may not surface until adulthood.
There is no cure for muscular dystrophy. However, medications and therapy can help manage symptoms and slow the course of the disease

Answer 11

Duch
3-5

Question 12

Oncology
Two major types of malignancies that affect bone are those that arise directly from bone, called primary bone cancer, and those that arise in another region of the body and spread (metastasize) to bone, called secondary bone cancer. Primary bone cancers are rare, but secondary bone cancers are quite prevalent. They are usually caused by malignant cells that have metastasized to the bone from the lungs, breast, or_____. Malignancies that originate from bone, fat, muscle, cartilage, bone marrow, and cells of the lymphatic system are called_____.

Answer 12

prostate sarcomas

Question 13

Three major types of sarcomas are ____sarcoma, _____sarcoma, and______sarcoma. Fibrosarcoma develops in_____ and generally affects the pelvis, upper legs, and shoulders. Patients with fibrosarcoma are usually between ages ______

Osteosarcoma develops from bone tissue and generally affects the knees, upper arms, and upper legs. Patients with osteosarcoma are usually between ages_____.

Answer 13

Fibro
Osteo
Ewing
cartilage
50-60
20 and 25

Question 14

____sarcoma develops from primitive nerve cells in bone marrow. It usually affects the shaft of long bones but may occur in the pelvis or other bones of the arms or legs. This disease usually affects boys between ages____ and ____.
Signs and symptoms of sarcoma include swelling and tenderness, with a tendency toward fractures in the affected area. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), bone scan, and a computed tomography (CT) scan are diagnostic tests that assist in identifying bone malignancies. All malignancies, including Ewing sarcoma, are staged and graded to determine the extent and degree of malignancy. This staging helps the physician determine an appropriate treatment modality. Generally, the practitioner will use combination therapy to treat sarcomas, including chemotherapy for management of metastasis and radiation when the tumor is radiosensitive. In some cases, amputation is required.

Answer 14

Ewing
10-20

Question 15

bunion (hallux valgus)
BŬN-yŭn (HĂL-ŭks VĂL-gŭs)
Deformity in which the great toe is angled laterally toward the other toes
A bunion may cause the tissues surrounding the joint to become swollen and tender. It is a common deformity seen in women who wear pointed-toe shoes. (See Fig. 10-10.)

Question 16

Painful condition resulting from compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel (wrist canal through which the flexor tendons and the median nerve pass)

Answer 16

carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

Question 17

claudication
klăw-dĭ-KĀ-shŭn
________

Answer 17

Lameness, limping

Question 18

c_____Fibrosis (excess) of connective tissue in the skin, fascia, muscle, or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint

Answer 18

contracture

Question 19

Dry, grating sound or sensation caused by bone ends rubbing together, indicating a fracture or joint destruction

Answer 19

crepitation
krĕp-ĭ-TĀ-shŭn

Question 20

_____cyst
Fluid-filled tumor that commonly develops along the tendons or joint of the wrists or hands but may also appear in the feet
In most instances, ganglion cysts cause no pain, require no treatment, and usually resolve spontaneously. Reasons for treatment are cosmetic or when the cyst causes pain or interferes with joint movement. Treatment involves removing the fluid or excising the cyst.

Answer 20

ganglion

Question 21

______Joint inflammation caused by uric acid crystal deposits in the joint space.
Causes painful swelling and inflammation. Although the joint chiefly affected is the big toe, any joint may be involved.

Answer 21

gout
GOWT

Question 22

_______
Rupture of a vertebral disk’s center (nucleus pulposus) through its outer edge, causing pain, numbness, or weakness in one or both legs; also called slipped disc or herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) (See Fig. 10-

Answer 22

herniated disk
HĔR-nē-āt-ĕd

Question 23

Loss of muscle tone or a diminished resistance to passive stretching
Causes include genetic disorders, brain damage, muscular dystrophy, and disorders that affect nerves that supply muscles.

Answer 23

hypotonia
hī-pō-TŌ-nē-ă
hypo-: under, below, deficient
ton: tension
-ia: condition

Question 24

hypotonia
hī-pō-TŌ-nē-ă
hypo-: under, below, deficient
ton: tension
-ia: condition
Loss of muscle tone or a diminished resistance to passive stretching
Causes of hypotonia include genetic disorders, brain damage, muscular dystrophy, and disorders that affect nerves that supply muscles.

Question 25

myasthenia gravis mī-ăs-THĒ-nē-ă GRĂV-ĭs Chronic, progressive disorder characterized by muscle weakness and droopiness, especially in the eyes, face, throat, and limbs A loss of neurotransmitter receptors produces increasingly severe muscular weakness.

Question 26

osteomyelitis ŏs-tē-ō-mī-ĕ-LĪ-tĭs Inflammation of the bone and bone marrow and the soft tissue that surrounds the bone Osteomyelitis is generally caused by pyogenic (pus-producing) bacteria but may be the result of a viral or fungal infections. It most commonly occurs in the long bones especially, the tibia, femur, and fibula.

Question 27

osteoporosis ŏs-tē-ō-por-Ō-sĭs Loss of calcium and bone tissue, causing the bones to become porous, brittle, and easily fractured; most commonly seen in postmenopausal women Prevention and treatment include calcium and vitamin D supplements, exercise, and osteoporosis medications.

Question 28

Paget disease Chronic inflammation of bones, resulting in thickening and softening of bones, that can occur in any bone but most commonly affects the long bones of the legs, the lower spine, the pelvis, and the skull Paget disease is most common in middle-aged and elderly adults and is also called osteitis deformans.

Question 29

phantom limb FĂN-tŭm Perceived sensation, following amputation of a limb, that the limb still exists The sensation that pain exists in the removed part is known as phantom limb pain.

Question 30

rickets RĬK-ĕts Form of osteomalacia in children caused by vitamin D deficiency; also called rachitis

Question 31

spinal curvatures Any persistent, abnormal deviation of the vertebral column from its normal position that causes an abnormal spinal curvature (See Fig. 10-14.)

Question 32

scoliosis skō-lē-Ō-sĭs Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine, either to the right or left; also called C-shaped curvature Scoliosis may be congenital, caused by chronic poor posture during childhood, or the result of one leg being longer than the other. Untreated scoliosis may result in pulmonary insufficiency, back pain, sciatica, disk disease, or degenerative arthritis.

Question 33

kyphosis kī-FŌ-sĭs Abnormal curvature of the upper portion of the spine; also known as humpback or hunchback Kyphosis may be caused by rheumatoid arthritis, rickets, poor posture, or chronic respiratory disease. Treatment consists of spine-stretching exercises and wearing a brace to straighten the kyphotic curve.

Question 34

lordosis lor-DŌ-sĭs Abnormal, inward curvature of a portion of the lower part of the spine; also known as swayback Lordosis may be caused by obesity or excessive weight gain during pregnancy. Kyphosis and lordosis can also occur in combination with scoliosis

Question 35

spondylolisthesis spŏn-dĭ-lō-lĭs-THĒ-sĭs spondyl/o: vertebrae (backbone) -listhesis: slipping Any slipping (subluxation) of a vertebra from its normal position in relationship to the one beneath it

Question 36

spondylosis spŏn-dĭ-LŌ-sĭs spondyl: vertebrae (backbone) -osis: abnormal condition; increase (used primarily with blood cells) Degeneration of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae and related tissues Spondylosis may cause pressure on nerve roots with subsequent pain or paresthesia in the extremities.

Question 37

sprain and strain Overstretching or tearing of ligaments (sprain) or muscle or tendon (strain) The most common site of sprain is the ankles. The most common sites of strain are the lower back and the hamstring muscle in the back of the thigh. Initial treatment for sprains and strains includes rest, ice, compression, and elevation. Successful treatment for mild sprains and strains can occur at home. Severe sprains and strains sometimes require surgery to repair torn ligaments, muscles, or tendons. The most common site of sprain is the ankles. The most common sites of strain are the lower back and the hamstring muscle in the back of the thigh. Initial treatment for sprains and strains includes rest, ice, compression, and elevation. Successful treatment for mild sprains and strains can occur at home. Severe sprains and strains sometimes require surgery to repair torn ligaments, muscles, or tendons.

Question 38

subluxation sŭb-lŭk-SĀ-shŭn Partial or incomplete dislocation of one or more vertebrae

Question 39

talipes equinovarus TĂL-ĭ-pēz ē-kwī-nō-VĀ-rŭs Congenital deformity of one or both feet in which the foot is pulled downward and laterally to the side; also called clubfoot (See Fig. 10-15.) In talipes, the heel never rests on the ground. Treatment consists of applying casts to progressively straighten the foot and surgical correction for severe cases.