Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

The name of the aortic segment located between the left subclavian artery and the insertion of the ligamentum arteriosum is the:
A. Sino-tubular Junction
B. Aortic Isthmus 
C. Transverse Aorta
D. Aortic Root

Answer 1

B. Aortic Isthmus

Question 2

The section of the aorta that is located between the diaphragm and the iliac arteries is called the:
A. Aortic Isthmus
B. Transverse Aorta
C. Descending Thoracic Aorta
D. Abdominal Aorta

Answer 2

D. Abdominal Aorta

Question 3

Structures of the Mitral Valve apparatus include all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Papillary muscles
B. Chordae Tendinea
C. MV annulus
D. Sinuses of Valsalva

Answer 3

D. Sinuses of Valsalva

Question 4

According to the electrocardiogram (EKG), electrical systole is:
A. Onset of the QRS to the onset of the T wave
B. Onset of the T wave to the onset of the P wave
C. Onset of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave
D. End of the T wave to the onset of the QRS complex

Answer 4

C. Onset of the QRS complex to the end of the T wave

Question 5

All of the following wall segments may be visualized in the Apical 2 chamber view EXCEPT:
A. Cardiac Apex
B. Anterior Wall
C. Inferior Wall
D. Right Ventricular Outflow Tract

Answer 5

D. Right Ventricular Outflow Tract

Question 6

All of the following are components of a PW Doppler of a pulmonary vein EXCEPT:
A. S1
B. S2
C. E
D. AR

Answer 6

C. E

Question 7

All of the following wall segments may be visualized in the Apical 4 Chamber view EXCEPT:
A. Anterior interventricular septum
B. Lateral wall of the right ventricle
C. Cardiac Apex
D. Anterolateral Wall

Answer 7

A. Anterior interventricular septum

Question 8

All of the following are considered a part of normal ventricular diastole EXCEPT:
A. Atrial Systole
B. Early passive filling
C. Isovolumic Relaxation
D. Ventricular Depolarization

Answer 8

D. Ventricular Depolarization

Question 9

The boundaries of the functional left ventricular outflow tract are best described as extending from the:
A. Anterior AV annulus to the posterior AV annulus
B. Anteromedial position of the TV annulus to the PV annulus
C. Free edge of the anterior MV leaflet to the AV annulus
D. Tips of the left ventricular papillary muscles to the edge of the anterior MV leaflet

Answer 9

C. Free edge of the anterior MV leaflet to the AV annulus

Question 10

The outpouching behind each Aortic Valve leaflet is called the:
A. Ligamentum Arteriosum
B. Ductus Arteriosus
C. Sinuses of the Valsalva
D. Aortic Isthmus

Answer 10

C. Sinuses of Valsalva

Question 11

When should the Left Atrium be measured?
A. Late Diastole
B. End Systole
C. Early Diastole
D, Diastasis

Answer 11

B. End Systole

Question 12

All of the following are true statements concerning the Left Ventricle EXCEPT:
A. Normal wall thickness is 0.3 to 0.5 cm
B. Most anterior positioned cardiac chamber
C. Heavily trabeculated
D. Normally forms the cardiac apex

Answer 12

D. Normally forms the cardiac apex

Question 13

The Coronary Sinus can be differentiated from the Descending Thoracic Aorta with PW Doppler because coronary sinus flow is predominantly diastolic while aortic flow is:
A. Phasic
B. Predominantly Systolic
C. Predominantly Diastolic
D. Equiphasic

Answer 13

B. Predominantly Systolic

Question 14

All of the following are true statements concerning the Left Ventricle EXCEPT:
A. Bullet Shaped (truncated ellipsoid)
B. Heavily Trabeculated
C. Contains two papillary muscle groups
D. Top normal thickness is approximately 1.0 cm

Answer 14

B. Heavily Trabeculated

Question 15

The names of the two Left Ventricular papillary muscle groups are:
A. Anterior; Posterior
B. Superior; Inferior
C. Medial; Lateral
D. Anterolateral; Posteromedial

Answer 15

D. Anterolateral; Posteromedial

Question 16

The normal volume of clear serous fluid in the pericardial sac is:
A. 10 to 50 mL
B. 200 to 500 L
C. 20 to 50 mL
D. 200 to 500 mL

Answer 16

A. 10 to 50 mL

Question 17

Normal pressure values in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) for the listed cardiac chambers or great vessels include all of the following EXCEPT:
A. Right Atrial pressure: 2 to 8 mean
B. Aorta: 100 to 140 systolic; 3 to 12 end diastolic
C. Pulmonary Artery: 15 to 30 systolic; 2 to 12 mean diastolic
D. Right Ventricle: 15 to 30 systolic; 2 to 8 diastolic

Answer 17

B. Aorta: 100 to 140 systolic; 3 to 12 end diastolic

Question 18

Which 2D view is recommended when measuring the Right Atrium?
A. PSAX-AV
B. A4
C. RVIT
D. Subcostal 4 Chamber

Answer 18

B. A4

Question 19

The normal Mitral Valve area is:
A. 3.5 to 4.5 cm2
B. 4 to 6 cm2
C. 3 to 5 cm2
D. 5 to 8 cm2

Answer 19

B. 4 to 6 cm2

Question 20

All of the following structures are located in the Right Atrium EXCEPT:
A. Moderator Band
B. Crista Terminalis
C. Thebesian Valve
D. Eustachian Valve

Answer 20

A. Moderator Band

Question 21

The Crista Terminalis is found in the:
A. Left Atrium
B. Left Ventricle
C. Right Atrium
D. Right Ventricle

Answer 21

C. Right Atrium

Question 22

The Chiari network is found in the:
A. Left Atrium
B. Right Atrium
C. Left Ventricle
D. Right Ventricle

Answer 22

B. Right Atrium

Question 23

All of the following ventricular wall segments may be supplied by the right coronary artery EXCEPT:
A. Basal and mid-anterior interventricular septum
B. Lateral wall of the Right Ventricle
C. Basal and mid-inferolateral walls of the left ventricle
D. Basal and mid-inferior walls of the left ventricle

Answer 23

A. Basal and Mid-Anterior Interventricular Septum

Question 24

The imaginary boundaries that define the mid-left ventricle are the:
A. Aortic annulus to the edge of the MV
B. Tip of the papillary muscles to the base of the papillary muscles
C. Base of the papillary muscles to the cardiac apex
D. Mitral annulus to the tip of the papillary muscles

Answer 24

B. Tip of the papillary muscles to the base of the papillary muscles

Question 25

Which Left Ventricular wall segment is LEAST likely to be supplied by the circumflex coronary artery? A. Basal inferior wall of the left ventricle B. Lateral wall of the cardiac apex C. Inferolateral wall of the left ventricle D. Anterolateral wall of the left ventricle

Answer 25

A. Basal inferior wall of the left ventricle

Question 26

The correct order for the branches of the transverse aorta (aortic arch) is: A. Sinuses of Valsalva, right innominate, left innominate B. Right brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian C. Right brachiocephalic, left brachiocephalic, left common carotid D. Left subclavian, right subclavian, left common carotid

Answer 26

B. Right brachiocephalic, left common carotid, left subclavian

Question 27

``` Which pulmonary vein is not visualized in the A4 view? A. Right Lower B. Left Upper C. Right Upper D. Left Lower ```

Answer 27

A. Right Lower

Question 28

``` All of the following left ventricular wall segments may be evaluated in the PSAX-PAP level EXCEPT: A. Cardiac Apex B. Anterior Interventricular Septum C. Anterolateral D. Anterior Wall ```

Answer 28

A. Cardiac Apex

Question 29

``` The moderator band is always located in the: A. Right Ventricle B. Left Atrium C. Left Ventricle D. Right Atrium ```

Answer 29

A. Right Ventricle

Question 30

``` The left anterior descending coronary artery supplies blood to all of the following EXCEPT: A. Anterior interventricular septum B. Anterior wall of the left ventricle C. Inferior wall of the left ventricle D. Apical Cap ```

Answer 30

C. Inferior wall of the left ventricle

Question 31

``` The most likely explanation of main pulmonary artery dilatation is: A. Pulmonary Hypertension B. Carcinoid Heart Disease C. Truncus Arteriosus D. Bicuspid Aortic Valve ```

Answer 31

A. Pulmonary Hypertension

Question 32

``` The potential space behind the left atrium where pericardial effusion could accumulate is the: A. Pleural potential space B. Sinus of Valsalva C. Transverse Sinus D. Oblique Sinus ```

Answer 32

D. Oblique Sinus

Question 33

All of the following left ventricular wall segments may be evaluated in the PLAX view EXCPET: A. Mid-anterior interventricular septum B. Cardiac Cap C. Cardiac Apex D. Basal anterior interventricular septum

Answer 33

C. Cardiac Apex

Question 34

``` The Eustachian Valve is found in the: A. Left Atrium B. Right Atrium C. Left Ventricle D. Right Ventricle ```

Answer 34

B. Right Atrium