Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
Abaxial
A
Used in describing where something is on a limb. If a pin were dropped dead center down the inside of a limb,
this would describe something farther away from that line or to the outside of the limb
2
Q
Axial
A
Used in describing where something is on a limb. If a pin were dropped dead center down the inside of a limb,
something near that pin would be axial.
3
Q
Caudal
A
Toward the tail. Referring to back surface of upper limbs
4
Q
Cranial
A
Toward the head. Referring to the front surface of upper limbs
5
Q
Rostral
A
Referring to locations on the head that are in front of the cranium (nostrils, mouth etc)
6
Q
Dorsal
A
Of, on, or related to horse’s upper side or back
7
Q
Ventral
A
Situated on or toward the lower, abdominal part of the horse
8
Q
Lateral
A
To the outside of the limb
9
Q
Medial
A
To the inside of the limb
10
Q
Near
A
Left side of horse
11
Q
Off
A
Right side of horse
12
Q
Limb
A
Appendage from the trunk of the horse that includes the leg
13
Q
Leg
A
Portion of the limb from the knee or hock down
14
Q
Digit
A
Portion of the leg from the fetlock down
15
Q
Palmar
A
Back surface of front legs
16
Q
Plantar
A
Back surface of hind legs
17
Q
Solar
A
Sole of the foot or the bottom aspect of the coffin bone inside the hoof
18
Q
Distal
A
Used in reference to the limb, referring to areas below a point of interest
19
Q
Proximal
A
Used in reference to the limb, referring to areas above a point of interest
20
Q
Frontal bones
A
A pair of bones, thinner than the occipital bones, found on the front of the face between the eyes
21
Q
Incisive Bones
A
Part of the upper jaw where the incisors attach, found just below the nasal bones
22
Q
Lacrimal Bones
A
Found between the zygomatic bones and the nasal bones, in front of the eye
23
Q
Mandible
A
Lower portion of the jaw and the largest bone in the skull
24
Q
Maxillary bones
A
Form the sides of the nasal cavities that contains the upper canine, pre-molars, and molars
25
Nasal Bones
Large bones on the front of the face that cover the nasal and oral cavities
26
Occipital Bone
A relatively strong and thick bone found at the back of the skull - forms the roof of the cranium
27
Parietal Bones
Found at the front of the top of the skull, just above the frontal bone
28
Zygomatic bones
Form the section of the jaw just below the eye
29
Number of bones in the vertebral column
54 irregular
30
T/F: Difference in numbers of vertebrae may occur by breed
True (particularly Arabian)
31
Five parts of the vertebral column
cervical (neck), thoracic (chest), lumbar (back), sacral (loin), coccygeal (tail)
32
Number of cervical vertebrae
7 including Atlas (C1) and Axis (C2)
33
Number of thoracic vertebrae
18
34
Number of lumbar vertebrae
6
35
Number of sacral vertebrae
5 - often fuse to form sacrum
36
Fused sacral vertebrae
sacrum
37
Number of coccygeal vertebrae
18-23
38
Withers vertebrae
Thoracic 5-9
39
Pairs of ribs
18, 8 "true" and 10 "floating"
40
True ribs
8 pairs. Comprised entirely of bone and attach to the sternum
41
False or floating ribs
10 pairs. Do not attach at the midline
42
Appendicular skeleton
Bones making up front and hind limbs and pelvis
43
Periosteum
Connective tissue covering bones
44
Periostitis
Inflammation of the periosteum
45
Fibrous joint
Immovable joints that fuse with age i.e. skull
46
Joint least likely to be affected by disease
Fibrous joint
47
Cartilaginous joint
Limited movement joint. United by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
48
Type of joint: pelvis and vertebrae
Cartilaginous joint
49
Synovial Joint
Moveable joints
50
Joint most likely to be affected by disease and suffer injuries
Synovial
51
Synovial fluid
Produced by synovial joints. A lubricating fluid that assists the joint with movement.
52
Desmitis
Injury to a ligament
53
Ligament
Short bands of tough, flexible, fibrous connective tissue that connects the periosteum of two bones, or the periosteum of one bone and cartilage of another bone .
Stabilize the joint and prevent over-stretching, over-flexing, or twisting.
54
Why do ligaments tear more easily than tendons?
They are not as elastic
55
Tendons
Connect muscle to bone
56
Tendon sheath
Protects tendon where they cross a joint
57
Bursa sac
Protects tendons where they cross over a bone
58
Tendonitis
Inflammation within the tendon and paratendon, but does not involve the tendon sheath
59
Paratendon
Loose connective tissue filling the interstices of the fascial compartment in which a tendon is situated which allows the tendon to move freely
60
Tendosynovitis
Inflammation within the tendon sheath
61
Tendon rupture or bowed tendon
The most severe of stress-induced inflammatory reactions resulting in hemorrhage
and edema
62
Muscles
a band or bundle of fibrous tissues that have the ability to contract, producing movement in, or maintaining
the position of, parts of the body.
63
Muscles make up ___ of a horses body weight
Half
64
Stay apparatus
system of muscles, tendons and ligaments at the front and back of each limb that allows the horse to
lock all limbs and remain upright even while asleep
65
Check apparatus
Ligaments that restrain the knee and hock points, and to the superficial and deep flexor tendons in all four limbs. The check apparatus allows the horse to sleep on its feet by locking (or checking) its lower legs in extension with little muscular effort.
66
Reciprocal apparatus of the hind limb
insures there will be reciprocal flexing and extending of the hock and stifle joints (when the stifle flexes, the hock flexes as well). This apparatus also aids in preventing fatigue when the horse is standing.
67
The stay apparatus includes
check appartus, reciprocal apparatus, and suspensory apparatus
68
suspensory apparatus
system of ligaments in the lower leg that supports the fetlock joint
69
Apparatus that carries most of the horse’s weight during certain phases of the stride
suspensory
70
Prevents the fetlock joint from overextending or sinking too far toward the ground
suspensory
71
only artery in the body which carries deoxygenated blood
pulmonary
72
7 parts of upper respiratory system
```
Nostrils and naval cavity
Nasal turbinates
Paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
Epiglottis
Trachea
```
73
Nostrils and naval cavity
Horses breathe through their nostrils and the air enters the nasal cavity which is divided in half by
the nasal septum, a partition of cartilage and bone. The nasal cavities are separated from the mouth by the hard and soft palates
74
Nasal turbinates
Located inside the nasal passages, these thin curling bones are covered with mucous membranes and help
to warm incoming air as it proceeds to the lungs
75
Paranasal sinuses
Air-filled cavities in the bones of the skull that connect to the nasal cavities. They serve to reduce the
weight of the skull and help warm air as it passes toward the lungs
76
Pharynx
A common passage for food and air that is connected to the larynx
77
Larynx
Located between the branches of the lower jaw, the larynx contains the vocal cords, controls air flow, and prevents food, water, and foreign objects from entering the lungs
78
Epiglottis
The flap covering the opening to the windpipe (glottis) when the horse swallows
79
Trachea
A long, cylindrical structure lined with rings of tough cartilage that runs from the larynx to the lungs
80
5 parts of the lower respiratory tract
```
Lungs
Bronchi
Alveoli
Pleura
Diaphragm
```
81
Lungs
Two organs filling the thoracic (chest) cavity
82
Bronchi
The trachea divides into two bronchi (one for each lung). These bronchi divide into smaller bronchioles inside the lung
83
Alveoli
Air sacs at the end of the bronchioles responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
84
Pleura
Protective covering of the lungs
85
Diaphragm
A large sheet of muscle running from the underside of the back to the ribs. The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. When more air intake is needed, the diaphragm contracts to expand the lungs and allow for greater oxygen intake.
86
Number of hours for food to pass all the way through the digestive tract.
72
87
Length of the digestive tract of a full-sized horse
100 ft
88
6 parts of the digestive tract
```
Oral cavity
Esophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large intestine
Anus
```
89
Oral cavity
The teeth cut and grind food. The food is mixed with saliva, which contains enzymes that change plant starch into animal starch that horses can absorb. The tongue pushes the food back toward the esophagus and starts the swallowing process
90
Esophagus
A masculomembranous tube 49 to 59 inches long which contracts in rhythmic fashion to move the food toward
the stomach. Horses are unable to vomit because the esophagus moves only one way.
91
Stomach
A small, muscular sac capable of holding two to four gallons. Food is mixed with saliva and digestive juices and churned into a liquid form in the stomach.
Food is chemically broken down by the stomach’s secretions of hydrochloric acid, pepsin, rennin and lipase.
The bloodstream then begins to absorb proteins and minerals. Food then passes through the pyloric valve into the small intestine.
92
The stomach works best when it
| is approximately ______ full.
two-thirds
93
Small intestine
A looping, folding tube approximately 70 feet long and covered with villi
94
Duodenum
Receives the secretion of pancreatic juice from ducts in the pancreas and the liver which changes the
food from an acid concentration to a more basic form. The added enzymes aid in the breakdown of proteins, fats and starches
95
Most chemical digestion occurs in the _____
duodenum
96
Jejunum
This main part of the small intestine is where most proteins are absorbed into the bloodstream.
97
Ileum
The last 40” or so of the small intestine. A valve at the end of the ileum controls the flow of food into the
cecum.
98
Large intestine
A tube about 25 feet long where most grass, hay and bulky plant material are digested by bacteria
and converted to fatty acids. The bacteria also manufacture some essential vitamins and amino acids.
99
Where are solid wastes collected?
large intestine
100
Four parts of large intestine
Cecum, large colon, small colon, rectum
101
Cecum
a four foot long pouch where roughage is broken down by fermentation
102
Large colon
A 12 foot long tube where the last of the nutrients are broken down and absorbed. These nutrients are
mostly carbohydrates that have been derived from cellulose
103
Small colon
A 10 foot long tube where manure balls are formed and water is absorbed
104
Rectum
a 12 inch long holding chamber located at the end of the digestive tract
105
Anus
Terminal structure of the digestive system
106
Integumentary system
made up of the skin and hair of the horse and provides structural, photo-protective, immunologic and metabolic barrier protection
107
6 functions of hair and skin
1. Immune barrier
2. Regulate internal body temp through sweat glands
3. UV protection
4. Insulation in cold
5. Excrete waste
6. Synthesize Vitamin D
108
Three sections of brain
Cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem
109
Cerebrum
The largest of the three parts. Responsible for memory, sensory awareness, learning and muscle movement
110
Cerebellum
Coordinates muscle activity and movements and controls body posture
111
Brainstem
The intermediary between the cerebrum, cerebellum and spinal cord. Influences heartbeat, breathing,
vision and learning
112
Spinal cord
The path of activity for transmission of nerve impulses between the brain and the rest of the body.
113
Somatic nerve fibers
carry information to and from skeletal muscles, skin, joints and appendages.
114
Autonomic nerve fibers
act mainly on reflex with little voluntary control from the brain
115
List 7 endocrine glands
```
Pituitary
Thyroid
Adrenal
Pineal
Pancreas
Thymus
Ovaries and testes
```
116
Pituitary gland
Produces hormones that affect other endocrine organs
117
Thyroid gland
Works with the parathyroid to maintain proper level of calcium and produces hormones that control the rate
of growth and the metabolic rate
118
Adrenal gland
Produces adrenaline, noradrenaline, cortisol and corticosterone which control the metabolism and respond to stress and exercise
119
Pineal gland
Produces melatonin which affects the circadian rhythm
120
Pancreas
Produces pancreatic juice and insulin to control glucose levels in body
121
Ovaries and testicles
Produce hormones that regulate reproduction
122
Thymus
Influences cells of the immune system
123
Five types of white blood cells
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Monocytes, Basophils, Lymphocytes
124
Neutrophils
The most common white blood cells. These cells move rapidly to sites of infection or inflammation within the
body and will destroy bacteria entering the body
125
Monocytes
Important in breakdown of damaged tissues
126
Eosinophils
Cells that are most commonly associated with parasitic disease and allergic conditions
127
Basophils
Cells that indicate long standing allergic disease or ongoing recovery from colic
128
Lymphocytes
They produce antibodies to attack
infectious organisms. Lymphocytes possess “memory” or the ability to remember organisms they fight against and attack them if they show up again in the body.
129
Tissues of the immune system (5)
```
Bone marrow,
thymus
lymph node and lymph tissue
lymph
lymphatic vesicles
```
130
Bone marrow
Produces all cells of the system. Some cells stay in the bone marrow and mature there, while others go to
the thymus.
131
Thymus
Organ located in the neck region of young horses where most T cells mature. The thymus gradually disappears
as horses age.
132
Lymph node
clusters of germinal cells within a connective tissue framework that occur along lymph vessels
133
Lymph tissue
provides the first line of defense against foreign invaders along the respiratory tract.
134
Lymph
Colorless fluid containing white blood cells. Lymph bathes the tissues and drains through the lymphatic system into the bloodstream
135
Lymphatic vesicles
Channels that carry lymph throughout the body
136
Interferon
A protein produced and released by cells that have been invaded by or come in contact with a virus.
137
Interleukins
Chemicals produced by white blood cells that control and modulate the activity of T cells during an immune response
138
Complements
Special proteins produced by the body that attach to the surface of antibodies. When antibodies bind to
bacterium or an infected cell, complements burn a hole in the cell membrane, which leads to cell destruction
