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USHJA Horsemanship > Horse Health > Flashcards

Horse Health Flashcards

(84 cards)

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1
Q

Manure production per day

A

35-50 lbs

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2
Q

Water intake a day

A

around 12 gallons

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3
Q

Normal resting temperature

A

Between 99.5 and 101.5 F

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4
Q

Normal resting pulse

A

30-45 bpm

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5
Q

Normal resting respiration rate

A

12-25 bpm

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6
Q

Contraction of anthrax

A

Grazing on infected pastures

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7
Q

Contraction of botulism

A

Spores of the disease can be found in improperly-processed hay or feed containing animal matter

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8
Q

Botulism

A

Paralytic disease caused by Clostridium botulinum

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9
Q

Anthrax

A

Highly infectious, deadly disease cause by Bacillus anthracis

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10
Q

Lyme disease

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

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11
Q

Contraction of lyme disease

A

ticks

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12
Q

Lyme disease symptoms

A

It is characterized by intermittent lameness and joint pain, often with swelling involving tendon and ligaments.

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13
Q

Salmonellosis

A

The most common cause of infectious diarrhea in adult horses and a major cause of septicemia in foals

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14
Q

Strangles

A

A severe acute upper respiratory and throat infection caused by the bacteria Streptococcus equi.

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15
Q

Quarantine time for strangles

A

Six weeks

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16
Q

Tetanus

A

Caused by Clostridium tetani, tetanus is a non-contagious disease.

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17
Q

Tetanus symptoms

A

Bacteria in the wound produce a potent neurotoxin that is transmitted along nerves and ascends to the spinal cord, or is absorbed locally and carried by the bloodstream to the brain.

Without treatment, tetanus is always fatal.

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18
Q

Equine infectious anemia (swamp fever)

A

A retrovirus infection that is transmitted by all body secretions. EIA-positive
horses remain infected for life if they survive the initial onset of the disease, and present a continuous hazard to other horses.

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19
Q

Coggins test

A

Detects antibodies for EIA

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20
Q

EIA+ horses

A

Required to be reported to federal authorities, after which the owner is given the option of humane euthanasia or branding and quarantining the horse for life.

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21
Q

Equine viral arteritis (EVA)

A

EVA attacks the walls of small arteries. Petechial hemorrhages appear on the mucous membranes inside the nostrils and on the conjunctiva that covers the whites of the eyes. EVA is spread by respiratory secretions

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22
Q

Equine viral encephalomyelitis (sleeping sickness)

A

transmitted by the bite of a mosquito that has fed on an infected bird or rodent.
The disease causes a high fever followed by acute encephalitis, or swelling of the brain.

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23
Q

Types of equine encephalitis

A
  1. Eastern (EEE)
  2. Wester (WEE)
  3. Venezuluan (VEE)
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24
Q

Influenza

A

This is a contagious disease that can quickly spread through herds of horses.

Influenza is a relatively mild infection, but secondary complications may create breathing difficulties.

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25
Susceptibility to influenza
Horses that travel are more susceptible to influenza, | due to the large number of horses to which they may be exposed
26
Source of rabies
The usual source of infection for a horse is a bite from | an infected wild animal such as a fox, bat, raccoon or skunk
27
Rhinopneumanitis (herpesvirus 1 and 4)
EHV1 is the most common respiratory illness in young horses. It is highly contagious and is easily spread through coughs and sneezes.
28
Vesicular stomatitis
A contagious disease transmitted by the blood-sucking black fly. Characterized by blister-like ulcers on the mucous membranes of the mouth and tongue, in the nose, and on the coronary bands of the feet.
29
Anthrax vaccine
Annual in areas prone to outbreaks
30
Botulism vaccine
Annual
31
EEE/WEE/VEE vaccine
North - annual | South - Every 3-6 months b/c mosquitos are more active
32
Equine viral arteritis vaccine
Annual in areas where EVA occurs
33
Influenza vaccine
Boosters every six months - very important in show horses
34
Leptospirosis vaccine
Annual
35
Potomac fever vaccine
Annual in areas prone
36
Rabies vaccine
Annual
37
Rhinopneumanitis vaccine
At least every six months
38
Strangles vaccine
Intranasal vaccine given once a year
39
Tetanus vaccine
Annual unless horse gets deep cut and needs a booster
40
West Nile virus vaccine
2x per year in areas prone to outbreaks
41
Ascarids (Roundworms) manifestation
poor coat, distended abdomen, coughing, diarrhea, | lethargy and general unthriftiness
42
Bots
not worms - larvae of bot fly The cycle begins when the bot fly lays eggs on the horse’s hair and the horse licks them, transferring them to the mouth, where the larvae are eventually swallowed and end up in the horse’s stomach, attaching to the stomach lining.
43
Flies and gnats
Flies and gnats can destroy a horse’s coat, health and well-being. Cleanliness is the first line of defense against these winged parasites.
44
Large Strongyles (Bloodworms)
In the arteries, strongyles may cause inflammation, blockage, anemia and aneurysm. If left unchecked, some strongyles migrate to key organs including the heart, lungs and liver
45
Most damaging of all parasites
Large Strongyles (Bloodworms)
46
Number one cause of colic
Bloodworms
47
Lungworms
Donkeys are lungworms’ natural hosts. The eggs pass in manure and mature into larvae, which are swallowed with grass. The larvae migrate to the horse’s lungs, where they cause a persistent cough that gets worse with exercise.
48
Pinworms
These worms lay their eggs, which may be visible to the naked eye, under and around the horse’s tail. Pinworms live in the large intestines. Their eggs quickly deteriorate outside. Severe pinworm infestation is only seen in stabled horses. Horses affected by pinworms rub their tails, often to the point of hair loss.
49
Small Strongyles (Cyathostominae)
Their larvae burrow into the lining of the intestinal tract until mature, when they emerge and lay their eggs in the intestines. The larvae may also encyst within the intestinal wall and go dormant for up to two years.
50
Major problem with encyted small strongyles
impervious to de-wormers and are unaffected by cold and dry environments
51
Tapeworms (Flatworms/Cestodes):
Adult tapeworms attach themselves to the horse’s intestinal wall. The adult worms’ bodies segment as they mature. Eggs are passed from the horse along with the body segments. Tapeworms cause anemia, colic and unthriftiness. Inflammation from the parasites can cause a number of intestinal problems. Most de-worming products are ineffective against tapeworms.
52
Ticks
Do not pose a threat to horses unless they are carrying a disease
53
An estimated ____% of horses in the US have tapeworms
60%
54
Five signs of inflammation
1. Heat 2. Swelling 3. Pain on pressure 4. Redness 5. Reduced use of affected area
55
Edema
refers to a localized buildup of fluid | "stocking up"
56
Water in a horses body
80 gallons
57
Shock
collapse of the circulatory system due to traumatic injury. The body directs blood flow away from the extremities, such as the legs and the head, as it attempts to deal with a serious injury
58
Hives
areas of edema that start small and grow into large, elevated, flat-topped bumps with steep sides
59
Cause of hives
Usually allergic reaction, can be autoimmune
60
Rain rot/rain scald
The spores, which are activated by moisture, are present in the soil and in the scabs of infected horses. Raised tufts of hair form along the back and rump of the infected horse. The lesions are generally painful.
61
Ringworm
Fungal infection - highly contagious Can be passed to humans Horse should be isolated
62
Sarcoid
A benign tumor that is unique to equine skin. Sarcoids are localized and do not include the underlying structures. They are an external, cosmetic blemish that can be irritated and become ulcerated or infected.
63
Two categories of sarcoids
1. sessile (broad based) | 2. pedunculated (with a stalk)
64
Verrucous sarcoids
Wart-like, dry, horny masses resembling a cauliflower. They are difficult to distinguish from warts, but generally do not have any hair around them. Verrucous sarcoids do not regress
65
Fibroblastic sarcoid
Develop from a wound or a verrucous sarcoid that has been traumatized. They have the appearance of normal granulation tissue. They may stay small for years and suddenly develop into a sore greater than 10 inches in diameter.
66
Mixed sarcoid
A mixture of verrucous and fibroblastic.
67
Occult sarcoids
Tumors with a flat or slightly raised and thickened aspect. If they are disturbed they may convert to the fibroblastic form
68
Sunburn prevention options
Sun block, Desitin or other zinc oxide cream
69
Warts
Also known as papillomas, warts generally appear on horses under three years of age and those with compromised immune systems. The most common locations are on the muzzle, lips, prepuce, vulva, eyelids and ears
70
Scratches
It is generally present on the lower legs. White leg marking are predisposed to getting scratches. The skin swells and chaps, followed by weeping red skin at the back of the pasterns.
71
Some causes of scratches
1. caked on mud or manure 2. urine 3. unclean bedding 4. marshy turnout 5. sandy or abrasive soils
72
Treatment of scratches
Scrub the affected area with an antiseptic soap and then towel dry. Treat the area with corticosteroid ointment, triple antibiotic ointment, aloe vera gel, Desitin, or Vitamin A & D ointment
73
Four most common antibiotics
trimethoprim, sulfas, penicillin, and gentamicin
74
2 common corticosteroids
dexamethasone and predisone
75
Corticosteroids
powerful anti-inflammatory hormones. The horse’s body naturally produces corticosteroids when adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulates the adrenal glands.
76
NSAIDs
reduce inflammation and to help pain associated with arthritis, sprains, strains and fevers. They work by reducing the local inflammatory reaction to an injury which controls the pain
77
What do NSAIDs inhibit
Most inhibit Inhibit both COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes
78
What inhibits COX3
Equioxx
79
4 common NSAIDs
1. phenylbutazone 2. Banamine 3. Equioxx 4. Ketoprofen
80
Tranquilizers and sedatives
work through the horse’s central nervous system to circumvent a horse’s reaction to pain or other stimuli
81
3 common tranquilizers
1. Detomidine (Dormosedan) 2. Acepromazine 3. Xylazine (rompun)
82
Frequency of ulcers
Estimated about 60% of horses suffer with ulcers
83
Ulcer treatment function
suppress gastric acidity and maintain a proper pH balance in the stomach. Horses are usually treated on a daily basis for a minimum of one month.
84
Omeprazole
Only medication approved to treat and prevent equine ulcers

USHJA Horsemanship (16 decks)

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