Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
(396 cards)
1
Q
abduction
A
moving away from the body midline (the opposite of adduction) (ex. spreading the arms)
2
Q
abortion
A
termination of pregnancy before viability; my be spontaneous (naturally occurring) or medically/surgically induced
3
Q
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
A
decreased immunity resulting from infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), leaving victim susceptible to opportunistic diseases
4
Q
acromegaly
A
overproduction of the growth hormone after puberty, resulting in wide, large face, hands, and feet
5
Q
active transport
A
movement of molecules from area of lower to area of higher concentration
6
Q
Addison Disease
A
hyposecretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex, resulting in muscle atrophy, tissue weakness, and skin pigmentation
7
Q
adduction
A
moving toward the body midline (opposite site of abduction) (ex bringing arms to the sides)
8
Q
adrenal glands
A
endocrine glands located on top of each kidney
9
Q
alveoli (singular alveolus)
A
air sacs at the ends of the bronchioles where the exchange of gases occurs
10
Q
Alzheimer Disease
A
degenerative disorder of the brain beginning with dementialike symptoms and progressing to a non functioning of neuron fibers that prevents communication between cells for ordinary tasks (such as swallowing) which results in death
11
Q
amenorrhea
A
absence of menstrual flow
12
Q
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
A
progressive disease of the motor neurons, causing muscle atrophy and weakness; also known as Lou Gehrig Disease
13
Q
anabolism
A
phase of metabolism in which cells are built or repaired
14
Q
anaphase
A
third phase of mitosis; duplicated chromosomes separate, and one of each begins to move toward opposite centrioles or poles
15
Q
anatomy
A
the study of body structure
16
Q
anemia
A
abnormally low hemoglobin or red blood cells, decreasing oxygen supply to the tissues; many causes and types; the main symptoms are fatigue and weakness
17
Q
aneurysm
A
congenital or traumatic weakness of the vessel wall demonstrated by a “bubble” or outpouching caused by pressure of blood; an abdominal aortic aneurysm is also called AAA
18
Q
angina pectoris
A
severe constricting chest pain from lack of blood supply to the heart; associated with coronary heart disease
19
Q
anorexia
A
diminished appetite and aversion to food
20
Q
antepartum
A
time before delivery
21
Q
anterior
A
in front (ventral)
22
Q
antibody
A
a substance produced in the body in response to the presence of an antigen
23
Q
antigen
A
a substance (bacteria/virus) that causes the formation of antibodies
24
Q
anus
A
the final portion of the digestive tract, where feces are excreted
25
aorta
the largest body artery, consists of three parts: ascending, aortic arch, and descending
26
aponeurosis
broad sheet of muscle fibers attaching muscle to muscle or muscle to skeletal bones, such as the skull
27
appendicular skeleton
consists of the bones of the upper and lower extremities and the girdle attaching them to the axial skeleton
28
arrhythmias
abnormal heart rhythms
29
arteriosclerosis
hardening of the arteries and loss of elasticity resulting from thickening of the vessel wall
30
arthritis
inflammation of the joints
31
asthma
an episode chronic respiratory disorder resulting from constricted bronchi; associated with allergens, infection, pollutants, cold air, exercise, or stress; characterized by wheezing and low oxygen levels
32
astigmatism
impaired vision resulting from irregular curve of cornea
33
atelectasis
a decrease or absence of air in part or all of the lung and alveoli, resulting in a collapse of these structures
34
atherosclerosis
the most common form of arteriosclerosis; irregular fatty deposits on arterial wall result in narrowing and occlusion of vessel
35
atrioventricular (AV) node
located at the lower right of the atrial septum, it picks up the impulse or signal from the sinoatrial (SA) node that causes atrial contraction
36
axial skeleton
consists of the bones of the skull, spine, and chest
37
Bell palsy
unilateral facial muscle paralysis (drooping of eye and mouth) resulting from dysfunction of the seventh cranial nerve
38
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate
39
bile
a substance produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder that aids in digestion and fat absorption
40
body
organism; a group of systems working together to maintain life
41
body cavities
spaces within the body that house internal organs
42
botulism
serious food poisoning; usually found in contaminated canned foods, caused by Clostridium botulinum bacteria
43
brain
an organ acting as the primary center for regulating and coordinating body functions and activities
44
bronchi (singular bronchus)
tubes from trachea entering the lungs that subdivide into two more branches in the lungs
45
bronchioles
smaller branches of the bronchi
46
bronchitis
chronic or acute inflammation of the bronchi
47
Bulimia nervosa
eating disorder characterized by binge eating and purging
48
bundle branches
two branches extending from the bundle of His in the heart that carry the electrical impulse down the ventricular septum
49
bundle of His
specialized cells in the cardiac ventricular septum that carry the electrical impulse from the atrioventricular (AV) node; should the sinoatrial and AV nodes fail, the bundle of His may initiate the impulse
50
cardiovascular system
the body system containing the heart and blood vessels to circulate blood, transport nutrients, and remove waste from tissues
51
carpals
eight wrist bones
52
cartilage
firm but often flexible connective tissue found primarily in joints, thorax walls, larynx, and airway passages and ears
53
catabolsim
the phase of metabolism in which cells are broken down
54
cataract
a cloudy or opaque lens that impairs sight;usually corrected by surgery
55
caudal
the location near the sacral region of the spinal column
56
cecum
the upper portion of the large intestine; contains the appendix
57
celiac disease
damages the small intestine and interferes with the absorption of nutrients characterized by intolerance to gluten
58
cells
the structural and functional units of life
59
central nervous system (CNS)
made up of the brain and spinal cord; integrates sensory information and responses
60
centriole
rod-shaped material in the cytoplasm that begins cell division
61
cerebellum
"little brain"; portion of the brain involved in synergic control of skeletal muscles and coordination of voluntary muscular movements; connected to the cerebrum, brain stem, and spinal cord by the pons
62
cerebral palsy
loss of mental function, sensation, or control of movement resulting from birth injury or defect
63
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
clear fluid that flows through the brain and spinal cord and into the subarachnoid spaces of the meninges; it cushions and supports nervous tissue and transports nutrients and waste products from the cells
64
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
stroke; occlusion or hemorrhage of vessel(s) in the brain, resulting in impairment of mental functions or paralysis or both
65
cerebrum
the largest part of the brain, divided into right and left hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure
66
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
an irregular breathing pattern of slow and shallow, then rapid and deep respirations, with pauses for 20 to 30 seconds, frequently occurs before death
67
chlamydia
the most prevalent sexually transmitted disease, caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
68
cholelithiasis
gallstones
69
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
a usually progressive respiratory system disorder with irreversible obstruction of air exchange in the bronchi, alveoli, and lungs; emphysema is a form of COPD
70
cilia
hairlike processes that trap and move foreign particles
71
circumcision
surgical removal of foreskin
72
circumduction
drawing an imaginary circle with a body structure (the arms)
73
cirrhosis
end-stage liver disease with interference with blood flow, resulting in jaundice, portal hypertension, and liver failure
74
clavicle
collar bone joining the sternum at the anterior and the scapula laterally
75
cochlea
snail-shaped tube in ear containing receptor for hearing
76
colitis
inflammation of the colon
77
collagen
a fibrous protein found in the dermis, connective tissues, tendons, and ligaments; it is sometimes referred to as the body's glue, providing strength and flexibility
78
Colles fracture
displaced fracture of the distal radius, proximal to the wrist
79
colon
largest portion of the large intestine; divides into four parts; ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid
80
concussion
mild head injury (MHI) or mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) resulting in subtle or more serious physical, cognitive, or emotional signs and symptoms
81
congestive heart failure (CHF)
venous and pulmonary congestion and general edema (swelling) resulting from decreased blood circulation
82
conjunctivitis
inflammation of the conjunctiva caused by infection or irritation
83
coronary artery disease (CAD)
arteriosclerosis or atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, usually leading to myocardial ischemia (damage to tissue)
84
Cowper glands
two small glands located at the base of the penis that secrete lubricant during intercourse
85
cranial
location associated with the head
86
cretinism
hypothyroidism; decreased secretion of thyroxine in infants resulting in failure of physical and mental development
87
Crohn disease
chronic inflammatory disease of ileum or colon resulting in diarrhea, pain, weight loss, and sometimes rectal bleeding
88
croup
acute viral infection, usually in infants, characterized by barking cough
89
cryprochidism
failure of testes to descend into the scrotum
90
Cushing Syndrome
overproduction of cortisol by the adrenal cortex, resulting in round face, overweight, thin skin, and high blood glucose
91
cystic fibrosis
a genetic disorder producing abnormally thick mucous secretions that block and impair the bronchi, pancreatic and bile ducts, and intestines
92
cytoplasm
colloidal substance (protoplasm) found in the cell; holds other structures in place
93
dendrites
neuron fibers conducting impulses to the cell body
94
dermis
deeper layer of skin containing nerves, blood vessels, and other skin structures or appendages
95
diabetes mellitus
most common endocrine disorder; low production of insulin, resulting in cells retaining sugar; two types : insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type 1) and non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type 2 diabetes
96
diabetic retinopathy
damage to the retina in diabetic patients from hemorrhage of vessels
97
dialysis
a form of osmosis that removes certain impurities from the blood (two types: peritoneal and hemodialysis)
98
diaphragm
muscle tissue separating thoracic and abdominal cavities that contracts and expands during respiration, allowing lungs to fill and empty air
99
diastole
relaxation portion of the cardiac cycle
100
diffusion
movement of molecules from area of higher to lower concentration
101
digestion
physical and chemical processes changing food into simple nutrients to be utilized by the cells for energy and building materials and into solid waste to be eliminated from the body
102
digestive system
body system containing mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas; the system ingests and processes food and eliminates solid waste products
103
distal
away from the origin of a structure
104
diverticula (singular diverticulum)
abnormal pouches in the walls of an organ, usually the colon
105
diverticulosis
diverticula of the colon
106
dorsal
posterior; in back
107
dorsiflexion
pointing the toes up
108
duodenum
upper portion of small intestine, separated from the stomach by the pyloric sphincter
109
dwarfism
decreased growth hormone, resulting in abnormally small size
110
eclampsia
toxemia of pregnancy, with high blood pressure, albuminuria, oliguria, seizures, and sometimes coma
111
ectopic pregnancy
extrauterine pregnancy; implantation of fertilized ovum outside the uterus; most commonly in the ovarian tubes
112
ejaculatory duct
passage formed by the seminal vesicles and vas deferns allowing semen to enter the urethra
113
elimination
excretion of the solid waste products of digestion in the form of feces
114
embolus (plural emboli)
a detached thrombus or other substance occluding a vessel
115
emphysema
a form of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease that impedes respiration; characterized by irreversible loss of elasticity in alveoli
116
endocardium
inner layer of the heart
117
endocrine system
body system containing glands and related structures that produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream or into its own surrounding tissues
118
endometriosis
condition caused by endometrium tissue located outside the uterus that causes pain and, sometimes, cyst formation
119
enteritis
inflammation of the small intestine
120
enuleation
removal of the eyeball
121
enuresis
involuntary discharge of urine
122
enzymes
proteins that act as catalysts to increase the speed of digestion
123
epicardium
outer layer of the heart
124
epidermis
surface layer of skin containing strata and melanin
125
epididymis
two coiled tubules on the posterior of the testes that store and carry sperm from the testes to the vas deferns
126
epiglottis
flaplike structure covering larynx during swallowing
127
epilepsy
abnormal electrical activity of the brain resulting in seizure
128
erythrocytes
red blood cells (RBCs); contain hemoglobin to carry oxygen; mature cells do not have a nucleus
129
esophagus
tube from the pharynx to the stomach
130
eustachian tube
connects middle ear with throat and pharynx; equalizes pressure on tympanic membrane
131
eversion
turning wrists or ankles outward, away from the body (the opposite of inversion)
132
exocrine gland
a gland that excretes its product through a duct to an environment external to itself or into the bloodstream
133
exophthalmia
protrusion of the eyeballs, usually resulting from an endocrine disorder
134
expiration
exhalation; letting air out of the lungs
135
extension
bringing the limbs or phalanges toward a straight position (the opposite of flexion)
136
extracellular fluid
body fluid outside the cell
137
fallopian tubes
oviducts; canals leading from the ovaries to the uterus where fertilization of the ova by the sperm occurs
138
femur
thigh bone; the body's largest, longest, and strongest bone
139
fertilization
impregnation of the female ovum (egg) with the male sperm
140
fetus
term given after the first trimester to a developing baby in the uterus
141
fibroids
nonmalignant tumors of the uterus
142
fibula
smaller lower leg bone, lateral to tibia
143
filtration
process of moving fluid containing dissolved particles through a membrane; an example is kidney filtration
144
flagella
whiplike processes on the cell surfaces; accommodate cell movement
145
flexion
bending (the opposite of extension), such as closing the fingers of the hand
146
fluid balance
the regulation of the amount and composition of the body's fluids
147
frontal plane
imaginary line or cut of the body made in line with the ears and then down the middle of the body, resulting in a front and a back portion; also called coronal plane
148
gallbladder
pear-shaped sac located on the inferior surface of the liver, stores bile to aid in digestion and fat absorption
149
gamete
male (sperm) or female (ovum) reproductive cell
150
ganglion
marked swelling of gray matter, located outside the central nervous system, containing cells of neurons
151
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
backflow of stomach acids into the esophagus due to an incompetent esophageal sphincter, resulting in burning and discomfort; can lead to ulcers
152
gential herpes
painful and incurable viral infection of the male or female genital tract's mucous membrane
153
genitalia
external sex organs
154
genital warts
infection caused by the human papilloma virus; believed to be a precursor of female cervical cancer
155
gestation
period of pregnancy
156
giantism
overproduction of the growth hormone; resulting in abnormally large size
157
giardiasis
infectious diarrhea caused by Giardia lamblia in contaminated water
158
glans penis
acorn-shaped head of penis
159
glaucoma
a disease of the eye characterized by increased intraocular pressure; causes damage to optic nerve; often results in blindness
160
globulins
the fraction of the blood serum protein associated with antibodies; vaccinations with globulins produces passive immunity
161
glomerular filtration
the movement of fluid and materials under pressure from the blood through the kidney's glomerular membrane; the beginning of urine formation
162
glomerulonephritis
acute or chronic inflammation of the kidney glomeruli
163
glomeruli
networks of blood capillaries enclosed in Bowman capsule
164
goiter
enlarged thyroid
165
gonorrhea
contagious inflammation of the genital mucous membrane of either sex, caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae
166
gout
inflammation and pain, usually of the great toes or thumbs, caused by accumulation of uric acid crystals
167
Graves Disease
hyperthyroidism; increased secretion of thyroxine; characterized by goiter, exophthalmia (bulging eyes), weight loss, extreme nervousness, and rapid metabolism
168
hematopoiesis
the process by which undifferentiated stem cells give rise to all other blood cells; the process by which cells that produce blood are generated
169
hemodiaysis
a form of dialysis that removes blood via a catheter placed directly into a vein; the blood then circulates through a dialysis machine to remove impurities
170
hemophilia
genetic bleeding disorder involving a deficiency of specific clotting factors and resulting in excessive bleeding, especially into the joints
171
hemorrhoids
inflammation and dilation of veins in rectum and anus
172
hepatic
referring to the liver
173
hepatitis
acute or chronic inflammation of the liver
174
hernia
protrusion of an organ or part of an organ through the wall normally containing it; intestine is the most common organ to herniate
175
herpes zoster
shingles; infection caused by the herpes zoster virus forming blister-type lesions and producing pain along the nerve trunks
176
histology
study of tissues
177
homeostasis
equilibrium or health of the body as measured by established norms for blood pressure, heart rate, temperature, respiration rate, and other indicators
178
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
the virus causing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
179
human papillomavirus (HPV)
the virus associated with genital warts and cervical cancer
180
humerus
upper arm bone
181
hydrocephalus
accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain caused by an obstruction and resulting in mounting pressure and destruction of brain tissue
182
hydronephrosis
distention of the renal pelvis resulting from obstructed flow of urine
183
hyperextension
extreme or abnormal extension, usually resulting in injury
184
hyperopia
farsightedness; a condition in which distant objects can be seen more clearly than closer objects
185
hypertension
high blood pressure (beginning at 140/90)
186
hyperthyroidism
overactivity of the thyroid
187
hypertonic solution
fluid more concentrated than intracellular fluid; it draws fluid away from the cell and causes the cell to shrink
188
hypospadias
congenital disorder; the male urethra opens on the underside of the penis
189
hypothalamus
located in the diencephalon, the hypothalamus contains nerve cells assisting in maintenance of water balance, fat and sugar metabolism, secretion of endocrine glands, and regulation of body temperature
190
hypothyroidism
underactivity of the thyroid
191
hypotonic solution
fluid less concentrated than intracellular fluid; it results in excess fluid entering the cell and may cause the cell to rupture
192
ileum
lower portion of the small intestine, opening into the cecum
193
ilium
superior wing-shaped portion of hip bones
194
immunity
the individual's ability to resist specific disease or disorders, usually by acquiring the corresponding antibody
195
immunization
vaccination; protection from communicable diseases by administration of living attenuated agents (measles), killed organisms(pertussis), inactivated toxins (tetanus), or recombinant DNA(Hep B)
196
impotence
inability of the male to achieve erection or ejaculation
197
incontinence
inability to retain urine, semen, or feces
198
incus
anvil; second ossicle (bone) of the middle ear
199
inferior
below
200
infertility
inability to produce offspring; may be either a male or female disorder
201
inspiration
inhalation; bringing air into the lungs
202
integumentary system
the largest system of the body, it contains skin, glands, hair, nails, blood vessels, and nerves to protect against infection and other "invaders"; assists with prevention of dehydration; controls body temperature; receives sensory information; eliminates waste products; and produces vitamin D
203
intracellular fluid
body fluid inside the cell
204
intussusception
one part of the intestine slipping into another, leading to bowel obstruction
205
inversion
turning inside out (the opposite of eversion)
206
ischium
inferior portion of hip bones supporting the body weight when sitting
207
isotonic
solution with the same concentration as intracellular fluid, moves in and out of the cell at the same rate
208
jaundice
yellow color of skin, white of eyes, and mucous membranes resulting from increased bilirubin in blood
209
joints
areas where two or more bones come together or articulate
210
keratin
a protein in the epidermis that thickens and waterproofs the skin
211
kidneys
two muscular, bean-shaped organs located in the back of the abdominal cavity that filtrate, reabsorb selected substances, and excrete urine
212
kyphosis
hunchback; an excessive curvature in the thoracic portion of the vertebral column
213
labryinth
inner ear; contains vestibule, semicircular canal, and cochlea with receptors for hearing and balance
214
large intestine
the final organ of the digestive tract; connects to the small intestine at the ileum; sections include cecum, colon, rectum; ends at the anus; manufactures vitamins K and B; absorbs fluids and electrolytes; forms, stores, and excretes feces
215
larynx
voice box; organ between the pharynx and trachea containing vocal cords, which vibrate to produce speech
216
lateral
away from midline, toward the side
217
Legionnaires disease
a type of pneumonia caused by the Legionnaires pneumophila bacteria
218
leukemia
type of malignancy characterized by rapid and abnormal development of leukocytes (white blood cells) in spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes
219
leukocytes
white blood cells (WBCs); fight infection
220
ligaments
bands of fibrous connective tissue connecting the articulating ends of bones to facilitate or limit movement
221
liver
largest gland in the body, located in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity; it produces bile, detoxifies blood, and aids metabolism
222
lordosis
swayback; excessive curvature in the lumbar portion of the vertebral column
223
lungs
two main organs of the respiratory system that are located in the thoracic cavity; they distribute and exchange gases
224
lymphatic system
body system containing lymph, lymph nodes, and related organs to protect against and fight disease
225
macular degeneration
progressive abnormal growth of blood vessels or other structures in the retina, usually leading to blindness
226
malleus
hammer; first ossicle (bone) of the middle ear
227
mandible
lower jaw bone
228
maxilla
upper jaw bone
229
medial
toward the middle or center
230
mediastinum
small cavity within the thoracic cavity that lies between the lungs and contains the heart and large blood vessels
231
medulla oblongata
portion of the brain connecting with spinal cord; contains centers for control of heartbeat, respirations, and blood pressure
232
melanin
pigment giving the skin its color
233
membranes
thin sheets of tissue that line and protect body structures
234
menarche
first female menses; usually occurs between nine and fifteen years of age
235
meninges (singular meninx)
three layers of connective tissue covering that completely enclose the brain and spinal cord
236
menopause
cessation of menses and female reproduction from aging or surgical removal of the ovaries and uterus
237
menorrhagia
painful menses
238
mesentery
composed of two layers of peritoneum that lie on the walls of the peritoneal cavity connecting the intestines to the wall of the abdomen
239
menstrual cycle
a phase lasting approximately twenty eight days, beginning with menstruation, followed by the thickening of the endometrium; midcycle, ovulation occurs, followed by secretion of progesterone by the corpus luteum to prepare the uterus for a fertilized ovum
240
menstruation
menses; the shedding of the endometrium of the uterus in the form of vaginal bleeding when pregnancy does not occur, usually in a twenty eight day cycle
241
metabolism
energy transformation in living cells
242
metacarpals
five bones that form the palm of the hand
243
metaphase
second phase of mitosis; chromosomes line up along an equator type line along centriole filaments
244
metatarsals
the five foot bones
245
midbrain
connects the pons and cerebellum with the cerebrum; functions as relay for certain eye and ear reflexes
246
mild head injury (MHI)
concussion
247
mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI)
concussion
248
miscarriage
spontaneous abortion; a natural interruption of a pregnancy before the seventh month
249
mitosis
cell division; comprises four phases; prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
250
mouth
oral cavity; orifice in the lower face where food enters the body
251
multiple sclerosis
progressive inflammation and hardening of the myelin sheath in the nervous system
252
muscular system
body system that contains muscles and related structures that accommodate movement
253
myocardial infarction (MI)
heart attack; necrosis (death) of an area in the myocardium resulting from cessation of blood supply, usually from coronary thrombosis
254
myocardium
middle layer of the heart
255
myopia
condition of nearsightedness; can see objects close by but not far away
256
myxedema
atrophy of thyroid in adults, resulting in decreased secretion of thyroxine, caused causing forms of physical and mental decline
257
narcolepsy
uncontrollable episodes of falling asleep; also known as sleep epilepsy
258
neonatal
first thirty days after birth
259
nephrolithiasis
(renal calculi) kidney stones
260
nephrons
group of microscopic coiled tubules (more than one million in each kidney), located in the renal pyramids, that filter blood and form urine; main structures are collecting tubules, glomeruli, and arterioles; the bottom of the paperclip-shaped segment of the nephron is called the loop of Henle
261
nervous system
body system containing nerves and related structures that receive stimuli and initiate responses
262
neurotransmitter
chemical released by the axons that stimulates the next cell to continue the transmission of an impulse
263
nucleolus
small structure in the cell nucleus that holds ribonucleic acid (RNA) and ribosomes essential for protein formation
264
nucleus
located in the center of the cell;controls cell activity and contains genetic material (DNA)
265
orchiditis (also spelled orchitis)
inflammation of the testes
266
organ
group tissues working together to perform a function,k such as the kidney
267
osmosis
water diffusion (movement from area of higher to lower concentration) through a semipermeable membrane
268
osmotic pressure
the tendency of a higher-concentration solution to draw in water from a lower-concentration solution
269
osteoarthritis
degenerative joint disease that results in deformities and chronic pain; usually occurs as part of the aging process
270
osteoblast
cell that forms bone tissue
271
osteochondroma
malignancy of the bone and cartilage
272
osteomyelitis
inflammation of the bone or marrow caused by pathogens
273
osteoporosis
porous, brittle bones resulting from low levels of calcium salts
274
osteosarcoma
malignant tumor of the bone
275
otitis media
infection of middle ear
276
ovaries
two female endocrine sex glands (gonads) that secrete estrogen to stimulate growth of breasts, uterus, and secondary sex characteristics and form ova (the female gametes) and progesterone to prepare and maintain uterus in pregnancy
277
pancreas
an endocrine and exocrine gland located behind the stomach that produces pancreatic juice, and insulin and glucagon
278
Papanicolaou smear (Pap Smear)
test for cervical cancer that involves microscopically examining cervical scrapings
279
parasympathetic nervous system
portion of the nervous system that returns the body to rest and replenishes energy
280
parathyroid gland
one of four pea-sized glands located on or embedded in the thyroid that secrete parathyroid hormone, increasing blood levels of calcium
281
parkinson disease
chronic progressive neurologic disease characterized by fine tremors and muscle weakness and rigidity; etiology believed to be associated with low dopamine production
282
parturition
process of delivery; giving birth
283
patella
kneecap
284
patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
opening between the aorta and pulmonary artery in fetal circulation that does not close as it should after birth
285
pathology
the study of abnormal changes in body structure or function, usually caused by disease
286
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
inflammation of the pelvic cavity organs resulting from widespread infection
287
penis
external male sex organ containing the urethra
288
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
nerves outside the central nervous system originating from the brain and spinal cord; it transmits sensory information and responses
289
peristalsis
rhythmic contractions that move food throughout the digestive tract
290
peritoneal dialysis
a form of dialysis using the peritoneal membrane to filter wastes
291
pernicious anemia
type of anemia resulting from malabsorption of Vitmain B12 in the ileum
292
pertussis
whooping cough; a vaccine preventable bacterial infection caused by Bordetella pertussis
293
phagocytosis
ingestion and digestion of bacteria and other substances by phagocytic cells
294
phalanges
fingers (three bones on each) and thumb (two bones on each); toes (three bones on each) and great toes (two bones on each)
295
pharyngitis
sore throat; inflammation of the pharynx
296
pharynx
throat; passageway from nose to larynx
297
phimosis
inability to retract the foreskin over the glans penis because of tightness of the skin
298
physiology
the study of body function
299
pineal gland
endocrine gland located in the brain behind the hypothalamus that secretes melatonin, which regulates the body's sleep/wake cycles
300
pinna
auricle; external ear; directs sound waves to the canal
301
pituitary
endocrine gland located at the base of the brain, called "master gland" because of the number of hormones it secretes and functions it serves
302
placenta
oval vascular structure present in the uterus during pregnancy that supplies nutrients to the fetus
303
placenta previa
abnormal implantation of the placenta in the lower uterus
304
plantar flexion
pointing toes downward, which flexes the arch of the foot
305
plasma
liquid portion of blood (55%)
306
platelets
(thrombocytes) cell fragments; function in coagulation
307
pleura
lung linings containing pleural fluid to protect lungs and reduce friction during respiration
308
pleurisy
inflammation of the pleura
309
pneumonia
viral or bacterial infection causing inflammation of the lungs
310
pneumothorax
partial or complete collapse of the lung(s) resulting from air in the pleural cavity
311
polycystic kidney disease
familial disorder producing cysts in the kidney tubules leading to kidney failue
312
pons
area where nerves cross, resulting in nerves located on one side of the brain controlling the opposite side of the body; connects the cerebellum with the nervous system
313
pregnancy
gestation; period of fetal development in the uterus from fertilization to birth, usually forty weeks
314
premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
irritability, bloating, and depression preceding menses
315
prepuce
foreskin; a fold of skin on the penis covering the glans
316
presbyopia
a form of farsightedness most common eye condition associated with aging
317
priapism
abnormal, painful, prolonged penile erection, usually resulting from spinal cord injury or disease
318
prophase
first stage of mitosis; centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell, forming two poles
319
prostate gland
donut-shaped gland around the male urethra at the bladder neck that secretes alkaline fluid to protect sperm
320
proximal
toward the origin of a structure
321
pubis
anterior union of the hip bones
322
pulmonary edema
fluid accumulation in the lungs, often associated with congestive heart failure
323
Purkinje fibers
smaller fibers arising from the bundle branches located in the heart's conductive system that carry the electrical impulse to the ventricular walls, causing them to contract
324
pyelonephritis
inflammation and pyogenic infection of the renal pelvis
325
radius
lateral bone of forearm (in anatomic position)
326
rales
crackling breath sound resulting from increased secretions in the bronchi; sometimes referred to as rhonchi
327
rectum
the lower portion of the large intestine that contains the reflexes for defecation
328
renal failure
acute or chronic loss of kidney function that results in buildup of nitrogen waste in the body
329
reproductive system
body system containing gonads (ovaries or testes) and related sex-specific organs and structures to reproduce the species
330
respiratory system
body system containing nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, and related structures that transport oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
331
rheumatoid arthritis
inflammation and overgrowth of synovial membranes and joint tissues characterized by swelling of joints
332
rotation
turning on an axis, such as turning the head to indicate "no"
333
rugae
folds in the lining of the stomach and some other organs
334
sagittal plane
an imaginary line or cut through the body, bilaterally separating it into right and left halves
335
salivary glands
three pairs of glands located in the mouth, secreting saliva that moistens food and begins the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates
336
scapula
shoulder blade
337
scoliosis
abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column
338
scrotum
external pouch suspended from the male perineum containing the testes and epididymis
339
seminal vesicles
a pair of accessory glands in the male, posterior to the urinary bladder, that secrete nutrient fluid for sperm
340
serum
clear, liquid portion of blood that remains after the blood clots
341
sigmoid
lower s shaped portion of colon connected to the descending colon and the rectum
342
sinoatrial (SA) node
located in the upper wall of the right atrium, it is the pacemaker of the heart
343
skeletal system
body system containing bones and related structures to provide structural support
344
small intestine
longest portion of digestive tract; digests fats, proteins, and carbohydrates and absorbs the nutrient products into the blood; contains 3 sections; duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
345
spermatozoa
sperm
346
spina bifida
congenital deformity exposing the spinal column, resulting from malformation of vertebrae
347
spinal cord
continuous tubelike structure located within the spinal vertebrae extending from the occipital bone to the coccyx; it contains cerebrospinal fluid and ascending and descending nerve tracts that carry transmissions to and from the brain
348
stapes
stirrup; third ossicle (bone) of the middle ear
349
stem cell
an undifferentiated biologic cell that can differentiate into specialized cells
350
stomach
j shaped organ between the esophagus and the duodenum that produces a churning action that mixes food with gastric acids and enzymes as part of digestion; also stores food
351
strabismus
inability of both eyes to simultaneously focus on a subject; commonly known as lazy eye or being cross-eyed
352
strata
sublayers
353
stridor
high-pitched breath sounds resembling wind; caused by a partial obstruction of air passages
354
superior
above
355
sympathetic nervous system
portion of the nervous system preparing the body for stressful situations ("fight or flight")
356
synapse
neuromuscular junction between neurons
357
syphilis
sexually transmitted disease resulting in lesions (chancre) that may spread to bones and other systems
358
systole
contraction portion of the cardiac cycle
359
tarsals
the 7 ankle and foot bones; the largest is the calcaneus, or heel bones
360
telophase
final phase of mitosis; the nucleus divides in the center, forming two distinct cells
361
tendons
connective tissue attaching muscle directly to the periosteum (covering) of the bones
362
testes
male endocrine sex glands (gonads) that secrete testosterone and stimulate the development of male sex characteristics and sperm
363
tetany
spasms caused by low blood calcium
364
thalamus
located in the diencephalon, serves as relay for sensory input
365
thorax
cavity containing lungs
366
thrombophlebitis
inflammation of a vein with clots
367
thrombus (plural thrombi)
a blood clot attached to a vessel wall
368
thrush
yeast infection of the mouth caused by Candida albicans
369
tibia
shin bone
370
tinnitus
ringing in the ears
371
tissues
group of cells with similar structures and functions
372
trachea
tube branching into two bronchi leading into the lungs
373
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
ministroke; temporary episode of impaired neurologic function resulting from decreased blood flow to the brain
374
transverse plane
an imaginary plane line or cut through the body horizontally dividing it into superior and inferior sections
375
tuberculosis
an infectious bacterial disease characterized by tubercles in the tissue; the lung is the most common disease site
376
tubular reabsorption
the process that follows glomerular filtration; the filtered water and other needed materials leave the tubule by diffusion and active transport and enter tissue fluids
377
tympanic membrane
eardrum; boundary between external and middle ear canals; vibrates, transmitting sound waves to inner ear
378
ulcerative colitits
inflammation and ulceration of the mucosa of the colon and rectum
379
ulcers
lesions of the mucosa of any organ; most common in the stomach and intestine
380
ulna
medial bone of forearm (in anatomic position)
381
uremia
high levels of nitrogen waste in the body
382
ureters
2 slim tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
383
urethra
tube from the bladder that allows urine to leave the body
384
urinary bladder
saclike organ behind the symphysis pubis that temporarily stores urine
385
urinary system
body system containing kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra that removes nitrogen-type waste and regulates water balance
386
urination
voiding or micturition; discharge of urine from the bladder
387
uterus
female organ located in pelvic cavity from the oviducts to the vagina; houses and nourishes the growing fetus and placenta
388
vas deferens
tubule carrying sperm from epididymis to seminal vesicles
389
vasectomy
male sterilization procedure; tying off or removing part or all of vas deferens
390
vena cava
largest body vein, with inferior and superior branches
391
vertebral column
spine; 26 vertebrae (bones that cover the spinal cord)
392
vertigo
dizziness
393
vestibule
middle section of inner ear involving balance
394
villi (singular villus)
tiny projections in the small intestine lining where absorption of nutrients occurs
395
wheeze
squeaking or whistling breath sound, usually caused by narrowed tracheobronchial airways, as in asthma
396
xiphoid process
small tip at the lower end of the sternum
