ANATOMY - BACK

Question 1

Describe the cutaneous innervation of the back

Answer 1

• Dorsal + ventral roots join to make spinal nerve (both motor and sensory)
• spinal nerves –>dorsal and ventral rami = mixed nerves

From top to bottom :
c3-4=dorsal scapular nerve + cervical nerves
C4+5=dorsal scapular nerve
C5+6=Suprascapular nerves

Question 2

• serratus posterior superior
• serratus posterior inferior muscles

Where are they ?
What do they do ?
Where do they connect?
Innervation?

Answer 2

• Serratus posterior superior= Deep to the rhomboid muscles
• Serratus posterior inferior= Deep to latissimus dorsi
• Connect from the vertebral column to the ribs

-Act to move the thoracic cage
•SPS –elevates the ribs
•SPI –depresses the ribs

Innervated by the ventral/anterior rami
SPS=T1-4
SPI=T9-12

Question 3

Identify and describe the normal curvatures of the spine

3

Answer 3

Cervical spine –lordosis=Distributing weight of skull

Thoracic spine –
kyphosis=Gives more space for the lungs to expand

Lumbar spine –lordosis= Distributing weight of trunk

Question 4

Describe the anatomical features of the joints of vertebral bodies
(6)

Answer 4

front to back view of vertebral collumn 
1- body 
2-Pedicles 
3-Transverse processes
4-articular process for facet joints (articular facets)
5-Laminae
6-Spinous processes

Question 5

Identify and describe the anatomical features of the zygapophysial joints (facet joints) of the vertebral column
(5)

Answer 5

-Generally aim to limit movement, join articular facets together

•Regional variations

•In the cervical spine they project posterosuperior/anteroinferior
(diagonal)
=BUM( backwards, upwards, medially)
•In the thoracic spine they project posterolateral/anteromedial (backwards, upwards, lateral =BUL)

•In the lumbar spine they project almost medially and laterally
=backwards, upwards, medial (BM)

they aim to provide stability ,and control the movement and protect of the intervertebral discs

Question 6

describe the anterior , posterior longitudinal ligaments location

(4)

Answer 6

1- both run a lonf course down vertebral collums
2-attach to vertebra bodies and IVDs
3-ANTERIOR= FRONT+STRONG of vertebral column (prevents hyper extension ) from C1
4-POSTERIOR= back of verterbral column (from C2)

Question 7

what section of muscles in the back move the
a) upper limb 
b) help with respiration 
c)Stability and support of the body 
(3)

Answer 7

a) moving upper limb = Superficial extrinsic
b) Respiration = Intermediate extrinsic
c) Stability and support = deep intrinsic

Question 8

what are the erector spinae muscles ?(3)

Answer 8

• iliocostalis
• longissimus
• spinalis muscles

origin is shared: posterior sacrum

Question 9

name all the ligaments of the vertebral column

Ahn Plays In Super Inter League

(6)

Answer 9

Anterior longitudinal ligament 
Posterior Longitudinal ligament
Interspinous ligament 
Supraspinous ligament 
Intertransverse ligaments
Ligamentum Flavum

Question 10

Describe the supraspinous and interspinous ligaments
1- where do they start
2-properties
3-what do they prevent

Answer 10

1) SUPRASPINOUS ligament = fibrous cord of CT from spinous process of C7 to sacrum = prevents hyperflexion = attaches the spinous processes together
2) INTERSPINOUS LIGAMENT = short , strong ligametns connects spinous process ( in between ) = prevents hyperflexion

Question 11

What is the ligamentum flavum

2

Answer 11

• Connects the LAMINAE OF vertebrae

- limits excessive movement ( elastic fibers)

Question 12

what are the intertransverse ligaments?

2

Answer 12

1-connect between transverse process of the next vertebrae bellow

Question 13

case study of Illiocostalis  
(4)
-What group is it part of ?
-arises from ?
-innervation 
-fibres?

Answer 13

1-most lateral of the erector spinae
2-arises from common tendon origin
3-Innervation = posterior rami of spinal nerves
4- unilateral fibres= lateral flexion to that side
-bilaterally on both sides = extension of vertebral column and head

Question 14

case study Longissimus 
1- orgin 
2-insertions 
3-innervation
4-movements 
(4)

Answer 14

1-middle of the erector spinae muscle
2-Arises from common tendinous origin , attaches to ribs and transverse process of vertebrae + mastoid process
3-innervation = posterior rami of spinal nerves
4-unilateral =lateral flexion and Bilateral = extension

Question 15

case study spinalis 
1-origin 
2-insertion 
3-innervation
4-movement 
(4)

Answer 15

1-most medial erector spinae muscles
2-arises from tendinous origin and attaches to spinous processes of cervical and upper thoracic vertebrae , occipital bone

3-innervation =posterior rami of spinal nerves

movement :
1-unilateral= lateral flexion
2-Bilateral =extension

Question 16

What is the quadrangular space and what are the borders?

Answer 16

The quadrangular space is a space through which nerves and vessels can travel between the anterior and posterior regions of the shoulder. It is bordered by:

Inferior border Superior margin of teres major
Lateral border Surgical neck of the humerus
Medial border long head of triceps brachii
Superior border Inferior margin of teres minor