Anatomy - Bones and Fractures

Question 1

What does ossification mean?

Answer 1

Bone formation. Slide 2

Question 2

What is intramembranous ossification?

Answer 2

When bone forms within a membrane. Slide 2

Question 3

What is endochondral ossification?

Answer 3

Bone which forms within the cartilage. Slide 2

Question 4

Describe endochondral ossification.

Answer 4

An initial small part of hyaline cartilage grows into bone (ossifies). Slide 2

Question 5

Describe the development of bone.

Answer 5

A bone-y collar forms around the cartilage, so no nutrient supply can penetrate and cartilage beings to die. This causes angiogenic signals to be sent out due to lack of blood supply. Blood supply brings osteogenic cells to form more bone. Slide 2

Question 6

What is the cartilages role in development of bone?

Answer 6

It acts as a bone template (looks like a smaller version of bone). Slide 2

Question 7

What is the epiphysis?

Answer 7

The end parts of the bone, there are two of them. Slide 2

Question 8

What is the epiphyseal growth plate? and where is it?

Answer 8

The growth plate is where the bone grows longitudinally and is after the epiphysis. When it ossifies, maximum height has been reached. Slide 2

Question 9

Where is the metaphysis?

Answer 9

After the epiphyseal growth plate. Slide 2

Question 10

Where is the diaphysis?

Answer 10

It is the middle section of the bone. Slide 2

Question 11

what does Physis mean?

Answer 11

Growth Slide 2

Question 12

There is 2 parts of the bone, what are they?

Answer 12

Outer cortex and inner medulla. Slide 3

Question 13

What are the characteristics of the outer cortex?

Answer 13

Dense, strong and heavy. It has compact (cortical) bone. Slide 3

Question 14

What are the characteristics of the inner medulla?

Answer 14

More porous and weaker. More spongy as it has cancellous bone (meshwork). It may also contain bone marrow for cell production. Slide 3

Question 15

Which parts of the bone tend to have cancellous (spongey) bone?

Answer 15

Proximal and distal. Slide 3

Question 16

What is the periosteum?

Answer 16

It is the fibrous connective tissue membrane surrounding the outer cortex. Slide 4

Question 17

What does the periosteum do?

Answer 17

It contains nerve, blood and lymph supply. So when it is teared, results in extreme brain e.g. bone fractures. It supplies nutrients to the medullary cavity through blood vessels that penetrate the hard bone. Slide 4

Question 18

Why does the neck of the femur contribute to increased incidence of fracture?

Answer 18

It has less compact bone and is thin with an angled structure. Slide 5

Question 19

Why are fractures of the clavicle common?

Answer 19

Weakest junction between middle and lateral thirds. When you fall onto outstretched hand it often breaks clavicle in the mid-clavicle region. Slide 5

Question 20

How does a fracture heal?

Answer 20

The callus of immature bone surrounds fracture line, where the callus reassumes normal shape, remodelling it.
Lamellar bone is the mature bone formed from it. Slide 6

Question 21

There are two ways a fracture can be set to heal, what are they and describe them.

Answer 21

Reduction which is when a surgeon etc manually realign the bones, and fixation which is when they are held together by screws or plates. Slide 6

Question 22

What are the two ways bony features develop during bone growth?

Answer 22

Functional - genetic and an adjacent structure e.g. an artery applying pressure and carving out on the bone. Slide 7

Question 23

What are the names of the 3 fossae?

Answer 23

Anterior cranial fossa, middle cranial fossa, posterior cranial fossa. Slide 8

Question 24

Why is the cranial cavity that shape?

Answer 24

The brain moulded the floor during development. Slide 8

Question 25

What is a foraminae and what is the purpose?

Answer 25

It is a hole for cranial nerves and vessels to enter and exit e.g. Foramine magnum for the brain stem. Slide 8

Question 26

There are two major divisions in the skeleton, what are they?

Answer 26

Axial skeleton which is the central axis of the skeleton (skull, neck and chest), and the appendicular skeleton, which is the pectoral and pelvis girdle and the upper and lower limbs. Slide 9

Question 27

How do you separate the viscerocranium and the neurocranium?

Answer 27

Draw a line, representing the base of the skull, from just above the eyesockets to just below the ear hole, below the line is the facial skeleton, above is the cranial vault. Slide 10

Question 28

There are 5 bones of the cranial vault. What are they and which ones have pairs?

Answer 28

Sphenoid bone, frontal bone, temporal bone (pair), parietal bone (pair) and the occipital bone. Slide 11

Question 29

From the lateral side, which suture do you see?

Answer 29

The coronal suture. Slide 11

Question 30

From the posterior view, which suture do you see?

Answer 30

The sagittal suture. Slide 12

Question 31

From viewing the cranial cavity of the skull from a superior view, what do you see only to this view?

Answer 31

The full sphenoid bone and the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. Slide 13

Question 32

There are 4 bones to the facial skeleton, what are they?

Answer 32

The nasal bone, the zygomatic bone, the maxilla and the mandible. Slide 14

Question 33

Where are the Le Fort Fractures and what are they called?

Answer 33

Le Fort I - a line underneath the nasal bone on the maxilla. Le Fort II - separating the maxilla from the zygoma. Le Fort III - Separating the neurocranium from the visceralcranium. Slide 15

Question 34

What are the 8 fractures of the mandible?

Answer 34

The coronoid process, the mental process, the mental foramen, the body, the lower border of the mandible, the angle, the ramus and the condylar process. Slide 16

Question 35

List the 8 fractures of the mandible anterior to posterior from a lateral POV.

Answer 35

``` Mental process Mental foramen Body Lower border of mandible Coronoid process Angle Ramus Conylar process. Slide 16 ```

Question 36

Why does the mandible not push up into the skull when hit?

Answer 36

It fractures instead to prevent brain damage. Slide 16

Question 37

How many vertebrae are there in total?

Answer 37

33. Slide 17

Question 38

How many cervical vertebrae are there and where are they?

Answer 38

7 (C1-C7) and they are in the neck. Slide 17

Question 39

How many thoracic vertebrae are there and where are they?

Answer 39

12 (T1-T12) and they are in the back. Slide 17

Question 40

How many lumbar vertebrae are there and where are they?

Answer 40

5 (L1-L5) and they are in the lower back. Slide 17

Question 41

How many sacral vertebrae are there and where are they?

Answer 41

5 (fused to form one sacrum) and it is in between the pelvis. Slide 17

Question 42

How many coccygeal vertebrae are there and where are they?

Answer 42

4 (fuse to form one coccyx) and it is at the end of the spine. Slide 17

Question 43

Why do vertebrae vary in size?

Answer 43

Depending on load. The vertebrae become larger as they bear more weight and shrink when weight is predominantly on hips. Slide 17

Question 44

There are two curvatures of the vertebral column, what are they called and their characteristics.

Answer 44

Primary and secondary curvature. Primary curves concavely anteriorly whereas secondary curves convexly anteriorly. Slide 18

Question 45

What is the first curve a newborn has?

Answer 45

A secondary curvature due to independent neck control. Slide 18

Question 46

There are 4 types of processes on a typical vertebrae, what are they called?

Answer 46

Spinous process, Transverse process x 2, inferior articular process x 2 and superior articular process x 2. Slide 19

Question 47

Other than the 4 types of processes, what else makes up a typical vertebrae?

Answer 47

A vertebral foramen, a vertebral body and the vertebral arch which consists of 2 pedicles and 2 lamina. Slide 19

Question 48

What does the vertebral arch do?

Answer 48

Protects the spinal cord and connects the neural arch to the vertebrae. Slide 19

Question 49

What does the vertebral foramen do?

Answer 49

Transmits and protects the spinal cord. Slide 19

Question 50

What does the transverse process do?

Answer 50

Ligament, muscle and rib articulations. Slide 19

Question 51

What does the spinous process do?

Answer 51

Ligament and muscle attachments. Slide 19

Question 52

What does the inferior and superior articular process do?

Answer 52

Mobility with adjacent vertebrae via synovial joints. Slide 19

Question 53

What is the intervertebral foramen?

Answer 53

The hole between adjacent vertebrae where spinal nerves emerge. Slide 20

Question 54

What is the facet joint?

Answer 54

It is the joint between the articular processes of 2 adjacent vertebrae. Slide 20

Question 55

There are 3 atypical shaped cervical vertebrae, what are their names?

Answer 55

C1 - Atlas C2 - Axis C7 - Vertebrae prominens. Slide 21

Question 56

What is unique about C1?

Answer 56

Does not have a body or spinous process, instead has a posterior and anterior arch. Slide 21

Question 57

What is unique about C2?

Answer 57

Has an odontoid process and projects superiorly from body of vertebrae. Slide 21

Question 58

What is unique about C7?

Answer 58

The first palpable spinous process in 70% of people and can be palpated in the midline of the posterior neck. Slide 21

Question 59

How many pairs of ribs are there normally?

Answer 59

12 pairs. Slide 22

Question 60

There are 3 types of ribs, what are they called?

Answer 60

True ribs, false ribs and floating ribs. Slide 22

Question 61

What ribs are included in the true ribs?

Answer 61

from ribs 1 - 7, the rib 1 is protected by the clavicle. Slide 22

Question 62

What ribs are included in the false ribs?

Answer 62

Ribs 8 - 10 and attach to the costal cartilage margin. Slide 22

Question 63

What ribs are included in the floating ribs?

Answer 63

11 and 12, they are not attached to the sternum. They float freely in abdominal musculature. Slide 22

Question 64

What bones are in the pectoral girdle?

Answer 64

2 scapulae and 2 clavicles. NOT THE HUMERUS. Slide 23

Question 65

What bones are in the pelvic girdle?

Answer 65

2 hip bones and the sacrum. Slide 23

Question 66

What parts are in the upper limb?

Answer 66

The arm, forearm and the hand. Slide 24

Question 67

What parts are in the lower limb?

Answer 67

The thigh, leg and foot. Slide 24

Question 68

What bone(s) is in the arm?

Answer 68

The humerus. Slide 25

Question 69

What bone(s) is in the forearm?

Answer 69

The radius and ulna. Slide 25

Question 70

What bone(s) make up the hand?

Answer 70

carpal bones (wrist) metacarpals (palm) Phalanges (fingers). Slide 25

Question 71

What bone(s) make up the thigh?

Answer 71

The femur. Slide 25

Question 72

What bone(s) make up the leg?

Answer 72

Tibia and fibula. Slide 25

Question 73

What bone(s) make up the foot?

Answer 73

``` Tarsal bones (hindfoot) Metatarsal bones (forefoot) Phalanges (toes). Slide 25 ```