Anatomy: Bones and nerves

Question 1

Long bone is comprised of several segments.

The epiphysis is the wider segment at either end, what are the other two segments?

Answer 1

Diaphysis - shaft segment

Metaphysis - area between epiphysis and diaphysis
- part of growth plate

Question 2

What segment is articular cartilage generally found on?

Answer 2

Epiphysis

Question 3

What membrane covers bone?

Answer 3

Periosteum

Question 4

Long bones are often found on limbs, what terms would you use to describe the position of the epiphysis at either end of a long bone?

Answer 4

Proximal or distal

Question 5

What segment are condyles found in?

Answer 5

Epiphysis

Question 6

What are condyles?

Answer 6

Smooth end of bone

Cartilage covered

Articulates in joint with condyle of another bone

Question 7

Describe what epicondyles are and what they are used for.

Answer 7

Protruding area near the condyle

Point of attachment for ligaments/tendons

Question 8

What is a fossa?

Answer 8

Shallow depression in bone

Question 9

Why are fossae important in allowing full joint mobility?

Answer 9

When joint bends, epiphysis of adjoined bone fits into fossa

∴ more movement

Question 10

What is the name given to any projection or bump, on the bone?

Answer 10

Process

Question 11

What are foramen?

Answer 11

‘Rounded aperture’ for vessels and nerves

Basically just a hole for blood vessels and nerves to go in. Nutrients etc also enter bone via the nutrient foramen.

Question 12

What is a sulcus?

Answer 12

Narrow groove

Question 13

Describe the difference between tuberosities and tubercles.

Answer 13

Tuberosity = rough projection

Tubercle = small, rounded projection

Question 14

A spine is a type of process.

Why does it differ from other processes?

Answer 14

Pointed

Question 15

There are 2 basic types of bone, what are they?

Answer 15

Cortical - compact bone

Trabecular - spongy bone

Question 16

In trabecular bone, one component is referred to a spicules.

What part is this?

Answer 16

The trabeculae

Question 17

What is the epiphyseal growth plate made from?

Answer 17

Hyaline cartilage

Question 18

Bone marrow contains 3 types of cells;
adipocytes, hematopoietic cells and megakaryocytes.

What do each of these cell types do?

Answer 18

Adipocytes - fat cells dipshit

Hematopoeitic cells - stem cells - give rise to blood cells

Megakaryocytes - make blood thrombocytes (platelets) - clotting

Question 19

True of false

Fibrous joints are designed to be rigid and immovable

Answer 19

False

Most are (sutures + gomphoses)

Syndesmoses joints are designed to be slightly movable

Question 20

What is the difference between primary and secondary cartilaginous joints?

Answer 20

Primary - only hyaline cartilage

Secondary - Hyaline + fibrocartilage

Question 21

Which type of cartilaginous joint allows more movement?

Answer 21

Secondary

Secondary makes up inter vertebral discs etc whereas primary is used in the joint between epiphysis and diaphysis

Question 22

What type of joint is fully mobile?

Answer 22

Synovial

Question 23

Menisci is often found in synovial joints, such as the knee joint. What is it?

Answer 23

Thin layer of cartilage between surfaces of the joint

Question 24

What are the 3 types of joint?

Answer 24

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

Question 25

What are the 3 types of fibrous joints? Give an example of each type

Answer 25

Sutures - cranial sutures Gomphosis - dento-alveolar syndesmosis Syndesmosis - the interosseous membrane between ulna and radius

Question 26

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joint?

Answer 26

Synchondrosis - primary Symphysis - secondary

Question 27

State what synchondrosis joints are made from, and give an example of where they are found.

Answer 27

Made of hyaline cartilage Epiphyseal growth plate

Question 28

Describe the structure of a symphysis joint, and give an example them.

Answer 28

Two types of cartilage Hyaline + fibrous cartilage Slightly moveable joint Intervertebral disc Pubic symphysis

Question 29

List the types of synovial joints. Give an example of each type. (PBsPHSC)

Answer 29

``` Pivot - atlanto-axia joint in the spine Ball and Socket - Hip joint Plane - Acromioclavicular joint Hinge - Elbow joint Saddle - Carpometacarpal joint Condyloid - Metacarpophalangeal joint ```

Question 30

Who IS the real slim shady?

Answer 30

Chorn <3

Question 31

What membrane covers cartilage?

Answer 31

Perichondrium

Question 32

What is the function of the membrane that covers cartilage?

Answer 32

Allows cartilage to grow

Question 33

What is the vascular difference between cartilage and bone?

Answer 33

Bone is vascularised whereas cartilage does not have a blood supply

Question 34

Aside from hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage, what is the other type of cartilage, and where is it found?

Answer 34

Elastic cartilage Found in the external ear and epiglottis

Question 35

What are the 4 main plexuses?

Answer 35

Cervical (C1 - C5) Brachial (C5 - T1) Lumbar (L1 - L4) Sacral (L4 - S4)

Question 36

Nerves from the thoracic region of the spinal cord are generally of the segmental type (do not go into plexuses) 1) What is the exception to this? 2) What group of muscles do the thoracic nerves link to?

Answer 36

1) T1 (goes into the brachial plexus) | 2) Intercostal muscles