Tissues

Question 1

What are the 4 types of tissue?

Answer 1

Epithelial
Muscular
Connective
Nervous

Question 2

What is the epithelium?

Answer 2

The tissue that covers the surfaces of the body and hollow organs, regulates exchange between external and internal environments, and manufactures and excretes substances

Question 3

What are the five functional types of epithelial tissue?

Answer 3

Exchange 
Transport 
Ciliated 
Protective 
Secretory

Question 4

Where are exchange epithelia found?

Answer 4

Lungs and lining of blood vessels

Question 5

What are the main structural features of exchange epithelia?

Answer 5

Simple squamous - very thin

Pores between cells to permit the passage of molecules

Question 6

Where are transport epithelia found?

Answer 6

Intestines, kidneys and some exocrine glands

Question 7

What are the main structural features of transport epithelia?

Answer 7

Simple columnar/cuboidal

Tight junctions between adjacent cells to prevent ‘leakage’ - meaning that molecules (nutrients) must pass from one side of the cell, to the other

Can form structures such as villi, with individual cells having microvilli

Question 8

Where would you find ciliated epithelia?

Answer 8

Nose
Trachea
Upper airways
Female reproductive tract

Question 9

What are the main structural features of ciliated epithelia?

Answer 9

Simple columnar/cuboidal

Have cilia on one side of them funnily enough

Question 10

Where would you find protective epithelia?

Answer 10

Skin and the lining of some cavities such as the mouth

Question 11

What are the main structural features of protective epithelia?

Answer 11

Stratified squamous

Cells become more flat at the top and are rounder at the bottom

Adjacent cells connected tightly by a many desmosomes

Question 12

Where would you find secretory epithelia?

Answer 12

Glands

Question 13

What are the main structural features of secretory epithelia?

Answer 13

Can be single or multicellular

Columnar or polygonal in shape

Structural features depend on type of gland

Question 14

What is the difference between simple and stratified epithelia?

Answer 14

Simple - single layer of cells

Stratified - multicellular layer

Question 15

What are the types of simple epithelia?

Answer 15

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

Question 16

What are the types of stratified epithelia?

Answer 16

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Transitional

(+ pseudostratified but its kinda half way between simple and stratified)

Question 17

Where would you find stratified transitional epithelia?

Answer 17

Urinary bladder

Question 18

What are desmosomes?

Answer 18

Adhering junctions that hold epithelial cells together

Attached to the cell cytoskeleton

Question 19

What membrane protein is used to make up desmosomes?

Answer 19

Cadherin

Question 20

What functional type of epithelial tissue has the most desmosomes?

Answer 20

Protective

Question 21

What are hemi-desmosomes?

Answer 21

Adhering junctions that attach epithelial cells to the basal lamina of the basement membrane

Cell-ECM

Question 22

What are tight junctions?

Answer 22

Cell-Cell junction that prevents leakage of molecules between joined cells

Question 23

What functional type of epithelial tissue uses a large amount of tight junctions?

Answer 23

Transport epithelia

Question 24

What membrane proteins are used to make tight junctions?

Answer 24

Claudin

Occludin

Question 25

What are gap junctions?

Answer 25

Communicating junctions Cell-Cell

Question 26

What membrane protein is used to make up gap junctions?

Answer 26

Connexin

Question 27

What is the basement membrane?

Answer 27

Layer of extracellular matrix Made from collagen and laminin filament embedded in proteoglycans

Question 28

What are the 2 layers of the basement membrane?

Answer 28

Basal lamina & reticular lamina

Question 29

What are the 2 types of glands, and their basic difference?

Answer 29

Exocrine and endocrine Exocrine - into tubes to the extracellular environment Endocrine - into the blood

Question 30

What do exocrine glands excrete?

Answer 30

Mucous or serous secretions

Question 31

What are mucous secretions?

Answer 31

Mucous is a thick liquid, rich is proteoglycans and glycoproteins

Question 32

What are serous secretions?

Answer 32

Watery secretions, such as sweat, tears and digestive enzymes

Question 33

What are some examples of exocrine glands?

Answer 33

``` Sweat glands Salivary glands Mammary glands Liver Pancreas Mucous glands in the trachea etc ```

Question 34

What are goblet cells?

Answer 34

Single celled mucous producing exocrine glands

Question 35

What do endocrine glands produce?

Answer 35

Hormones or proteinaceous secretions

Question 36

What are examples of endocrine glands?

Answer 36

Thyroid gland Pituitary gland Pancreas (it is both exocrine and endocrine) Gonads

Question 37

What are the potential effects of a disfunctional pituitary gland?

Answer 37

Over production or under production of growth hormone Over production - pituitary gigantism Under production - pituitary dwarfism

Question 38

What are the potential effects of a Chlamydia trachomatus infection?

Answer 38

Damage to exocrine gland in uterine tube Mucous becomes overly thick Ovum and sperm can't move so the sufferer is infertile

Question 39

What two types of epithelial cells are found in the liver?

Answer 39

Hepatocytes and support epithelial cells Hepatocytes have multiple functions but act as secretory cells Support cells line the blood vessels and the bile duct, to protect the liver from the bile (Theres also stuff on the kidney we need to know but i cant be fucked typing it)

Question 40

What are myoepithelial cells?

Answer 40

Cells associated with salivary glands that contain contractile proteins These contract and force out the secretion, which is useful when it is thick and sticky

Question 41

What are the different types of connective tissue For each type, state where you'd find it (unless it's really obvious) theres 7

Answer 41

Loose - skin, around blood vessels, under epithelia Dense irregular - Muscles & nerve sheaths Dense regular - Tendons & ligaments Adipose Cartilage Bone Blood

Question 42

What is the ground substance?

Answer 42

The extracellular matrix of connective tissue

Question 43

How does the ground substance vary between different types of connective tissue

Answer 43

Can be liquid: in blood etc Can be gel-like: in loose connective tissue Can be solid, hard: in bone, for example

Question 44

What cell type is most abundant in both Loose, dense regular and dense irregular connective tissue?

Answer 44

Fibroblasts - collagen producing cells

Question 45

Describe the basic structure of loose connective tissue

Answer 45

Collagen and elastin fibres in irregular arrangement Fibroblasts producing the collagen fibres Macrophages and other WBC's Blood vessels Adipocytes

Question 46

How are collagen fibres arranged in Dense regular connective tissue?

Answer 46

Bundles in parallel to each other