Bones

Question 1

Highlight the functions of bone.

Answer 1

Support
Protection
Mineral storage
Blood formation

Question 2

What part of the bone structure is responsible for blood formation?

Answer 2

Red bone marrow

Question 3

Which bone type is referred to as ‘spongy’?

Answer 3

Trabecular bone

Question 4

What are the two types of membrane associated with bone anatomy?

Answer 4

Periosteum

Endosteum

Question 5

What is an Osteocyte?

Answer 5

A bone cell, formed when an osteoblast becomes embedded in the matrix it has secreted

Question 6

Where is the Periosteum found?

Answer 6

Covering the bone

Question 7

Where is the Endosteum found?

Answer 7

Covering internal surfaces

Question 8

Describe the structure of Osteons.

Answer 8

Circular structures made of concentric rings of bone matrix

Central Haversian canal contains blood vessel

Osteocytes connected by web of Canaliculi

Question 9

True or False, both Trabecular and compact bone contain osteons.

Answer 9

False

Only compact bone contains Haversian systems

Question 10

Describe the basic structure of trabecular bone.

Answer 10

Network of lamellated trabeculae

Gaps in-between trabeculae filled with bone marrow

Question 11

What are the two types of bone formation?

Answer 11

Endochondral

Intramembranous

Question 12

Which bone development type is used for growth of long bones?

Answer 12

Endochondral

Question 13

Ossification = bone growth

Yay or nay?

Answer 13

Yay

Question 14

The cartilage model refers to which type of bone growth?

Answer 14

Endochondral

Question 15

True/False, in Endochondral ossification, the growing bone begins as cartilage.

Answer 15

True

Cartilage is replaced with bone in ossification centres

Question 16

Describe the function of the Epiphyseal growth plate.

Answer 16

Allows more bone growth when needed

Aka growth plate

Question 17

What are the main stages of Intramembranous ossification?

Answer 17

Mesenchymal stem cells develop into osteoprogenitor cells

Osteoprogenitor cells mature to osteoblasts

Residual Mesenchymal cells develop into blood vessels + bone marrow

Question 18

True/false,

Only intramembranous ossification takes place in adult cortical bone.

Answer 18

False

Endochondral + intramembranous ossification can both take place in adult cortical bone

Question 19

What is the pure fancy name for new bone matrix?

Answer 19

Osteoid

unmineralised matrix

Question 20

What (main) 3 cells are in bone?

Answer 20

Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

Question 21

What do Osteoclasts do?

Answer 21

Resorption - removal of bone tissue

Question 22

What makes up the ECM of bones?

Answer 22

Hydroxyapatite crystals
Collagen (1)
Water

Question 23

Why are minerals important for bones?

Answer 23

Stiffness

Compressional strength

Question 24

Why is collagen needed in bones?

Answer 24

Tensile strength

Flexibility

Question 25

Where are osteoblasts made?

Answer 25

Membranes | Periosteum + endosteum

Question 26

What are osteoblasts?

Answer 26

Immature bone cells Mesenchymal stem cells ==> Osteopregenitor ==> Osteoblasts

Question 27

How are osteocytes made?

Answer 27

Osteoblasts bury themselves in secreted bone matrix

Question 28

What are osteocytes?

Answer 28

Mature bone cells found inside lacunae

Question 29

What is the purpose of Canaliculi?

Answer 29

Connect lacunae to each other Communication network for osteocytes

Question 30

What are osteoclasts derived from?

Answer 30

Monocytes / Macrophages

Question 31

Where are osteoclasts found?

Answer 31

On the bone surface

Question 32

What is the 'ruffled border' of an osteoclast?

Answer 32

The area in contact with the bone surface Site of resorption

Question 33

What is a Howship's lacunae?

Answer 33

The resorption pit under an osteoclast

Question 34

True/False, | in the context of bones, lacunae generally refers to pits?

Answer 34

True Osteocytes live in lacunae Osteoclasts create Howship's Lacunae

Question 35

Where are collagen fibres found in the bone?

Answer 35

ECM

Question 36

Describe the arrangement of the ECM.

Answer 36

Collagen fibres cross linked with large gaps Gaps provide space for water and hydroxyapatite crystals

Question 37

Osteoporosis arrises due to...

Answer 37

Resorption > Formation

Question 38

Yay or Nay Paget's disorder arrises due to an imbalance in resorption/formation

Answer 38

Nay Both happen too fast Incorrect shape

Question 39

Someone who is osteopetrotic has...

Answer 39

Massive bone XD

Question 40

When a bone fractures, what cells are responsible for the healing process, and where do these cells arise from?

Answer 40

Osteoblasts Arise from periosteum

Question 41

What are the types of bone structures? | Give an example of each type

Answer 41

``` Long - limbs Short - tarsals, carpals Flat - skull Pneumatic - skull Sesamoid - patella Irregular - vertebrae ```