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My Notes > Anatomy - Bones, Muscles, and Joints > Flashcards

Anatomy - Bones, Muscles, and Joints Flashcards

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1
Q

Blood supply to the long bone

A

epiphysial (epiphysis), metaphysial (under growth plate), nutrient supply (passes in nutrient foramen, main blood supply, branches in bone), artery of bone marrow, periosteal (along bone on outside)

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2
Q

LOOK AT ALL DIAGRAMS IN NOTES AND NOTEBOOK

A
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3
Q

Most fibrous and cartilaginous joints are rigid and relatively immobile and are described as:

A

Synarthrosis

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4
Q

Bursa

A

Synovial membrane intercalated between tendon and bone

DIAGRAM

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5
Q

Muscle structure

A

Muscle fiber surrounded by endomysium

Fascia (bundle of fibers) surrounded by periomysium

Multiple fascia surrounded by epimysium

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6
Q

What are two forms of protection for tendon attached to bone?

A

Bursa (one area of tendon in danger) and synovial sheet (more of the tendon in need of protection; held there by retinaculum

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7
Q

More movable, usually distal attachment

A

Insertion

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8
Q

Sycondrosis

A

Most of cartilagenous joints

many disappear but joint between hyoid apparatus and skull is the most popular one the has not disappeared

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9
Q

Adduction

A

Movement toward the median plane

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10
Q

Perimysium

A

Surrounds a bundle of muscle fibers

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11
Q

Diathrosis

A

Most synovial joints are highly movable and described as:

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12
Q

Ossification centers of bones

A

Long bone - 1 diaphysial and 2 epiphysial centers

Short bone - one ossification center

Flat and Irregular bones - variable number of ossification centers

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13
Q

Connect bone to bone in order to stabilize joints and prevent unwarranted movement

A

Ligament

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14
Q

Epimysium

A

Surrounds entire muscle

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15
Q

Woven bone between the growth plate and diaphysis:

A

Metaphysis

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16
Q

Movement toward the median plane

A

Adduction

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17
Q

Rotation

A

Movement of a part around it’s long axis, direction of rotation is designated by the direction of movement of the cranial or dorsal surface; involves entire long axis of bone

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18
Q

Endomysium

A

Surrounds individual muscle fibers

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19
Q

Metaphysis

A

Woven bone between the growth plate and diaphysis:

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20
Q

Fibrous joints

A

Occurs where bones are united with dense connective tissue

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21
Q

Osteochondrisis dessicans

A

Caused by failure of normal cartilage formation of leaving a flap of cartilage on bone. Most commonly and shoulder, elbow, and stifle joint. It is caused by incomplete calcification.

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22
Q

Provide form and support to the body.Protect soft tissues.Act as levers to facilitate locomotion.Have a role in blood cell formation.Maintain mineral homeostasis.

A

General functions of bones:

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23
Q

Occurs where bones are united with dense connective tissue

A

Fibrous joints

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24
Q

For a muscle to affect a joint…

A

…it must pass over the joint

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25
Movement away from the median plane
Abduction
26
Flat, wide, thin sheet of tissue serving as muscle attachment
Aponeurosis
27
Band of dense regular tissue binding down muscle tendons as they pass over bone surfaces
Retinaculum
28
Synarthrosis
Most fibrous and cartilaginous joints are rigid and relatively immobile and are described as:
29
Synovial sheet
Synovial membrane wrapped around a tendon as it passes over bone DIAGRAM
30
Surrounds entire muscle
Epimysium
31
Insertion
More movable, usually distal attachment
32
Towards the leg, retinaculum becomes more like...
...tendons
33
Stabilizes a joint
Fixator
34
Circumduction
Movement of a part in a circular motion as outlining the surface of the cone but not involving entire long axis of bone
35
Agonist
Any muscle that produces a certain effect.
36
Aponeurosis
Flat, wide, thin sheet of tissue (tendon) serving as muscle attachment (runs along side muscle to help attsch to tendon
37
Any muscle that produces a certain effect.
Agonist
38
Fixator
Stabilizes a joint
39
Surrounds individual muscle fibers
Endomysium
40
Sutures
type of fibrous joint between bones of skull important in young but gradually ossify in older animals
41
Long bones, irregular bones, short bones, pneumatic bones, heterotropic or splanchic bones, flat bones, sesamoid bones
Seven classes of bones:
42
Two divisions of the skeleton:
Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
43
Movement of one bone in relation to another such that the angle of the joint is reduced
Flexion
44
The muscle which produces the opposite action to counteract the agonist.
Antagonist
45
What is the structure and parts of a long bone?
Structure - compact bone, medullary cavity//spongy bone (contains bone marrow), periosteum, endosteum, articular cartilage, and epiphysial cartilage (growth plate or physis) Parts of long bone - epiphysis (contains physis), metaphysis, and diaphysis (compact bone) DIAGRAM
46
Retinaculum
Band of dense regular tissue binding down muscle tendons as they pass over bone surfaces DIAGRAM
47
Growth plate is made up of:
Epiphysial cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
48
Synergist
Support agonist action and eliminate unwanted effects.
49
Cartilaginous joints
Occurs where bones are united by cartilage
50
More fixed, least movable, usually proximal attachment
Origin
51
Seven classes of bones:
Long bones - femur Irregular bones - vertebrae short bones - digits pneumatic bones - air filled bones - frontal bones w/ frontal sinus (all bones of chicken heterotropic or splanchic bones - formed in soft tissue - penis flat bones - scapula sesamoid bones - bones w/in tendons; form synovial joints with major bones - patella
52
Antagonist
The muscle which produces the opposite action to counteract the agonist.
53
Fibrous layer of joint capsule may form thickenings that stable the joint and are called:
Collateral ligaments
54
Symphysis
Type of cartilagenous bone Between 2 symmetrical halves ( ex - pelvis, mandible, etc)
55
Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
Two divisions of the skeleton:
56
Muscle characteristics
contractility, excitability, extensibility, and elasticity
57
Collateral ligaments
Fibrous layer of joint capsule may form thickenings that stable the joint and are called:
58
Support agonist action and eliminate unwanted effects.
Synergist
59
Occurs where bones are united by cartilage
Cartilaginous joints
60
Fleshy contractile part of muscle
Muscle belly
61
Structure of synovial joint
Articular cartilage, joint capsule (inner synovial membrane and outer fibrous layer), periosteum, compact bone, synovial cavity (synovia), and synovial fluid DIAGRAM
62
Complex and bones are separated by fluid filled cavity
Synovial joint
63
Synovial joint
Complex and bones are separated by fluid filled cavity
64
Movement of a part in a circular motion as outlining the surface of the cone but not involving entire long axis of bone
Circumduction
65
Attaches bone to muscle
Tendon
66
Types of cartilagenous joints
syncondrosis and symphesis
67
Synovial membrane wrapped around a tendon as it passes over bone
Synovial sheet
68
Syndesmoses
Type of fibrous joint between 2 bones (ex - radius and ulnea) forms a ligament
69
Surrounds a bundle of muscle fibers
Perimysium
70
Joint Capsule
Attached to margins of bones forming joint Inner synovial membrane and sometimes outer fibrous joint (to form thickenings called "collateral ligaments" to stabalize joints Synovial fluid can be collected for diagnoses where drugs are injected to treat joints
71
Caused by failure of normal cartilage formation of leaving a flap of cartilage on bone. Most commonly and shoulder, elbow, and stifle joint. It is caused by incomplete calcification.
Osteochondrisis dessicans
72
Most synovial joints are highly movable and descrioibed as:
Diathrosis
73
Tendon
Tough fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to muscle Similar to ligament (bone to bone) and fascia (muscle to muscle) Collagen based
74
Movement of one bone in relation to another such that the angle formed by the joint is increased
Extension
75
Extension
Movement of one bone in relation to another such that the angle formed by the joint is increased
76
Muscle belly
Fleshy contractile part of muscle
77
Abduction
Movement away from the median plane
78
Epiphysial cartilage (hyaline cartilage)
Growth plate is made up of:
79
Bones act as --------- for muscles to create different types of motion
levers
80
Ligament
Connect bone to bone in order to stabilize joints and prevent unwarranted movement
81
Origin
More fixed, least movable, usually proximal attachment
82
General functions of bones:
Provide form and support to the body.Protect soft tissues.Act as levers to facilitate locomotion.Have a role in blood cell formation.Maintain mineral homeostasis.
83
Synovial membrane intercalated between tendon and bone
Bursa
84
Flexion
Movement of one bone in relation to another such that the angle of the joint is reduced
85
Movement of a part around it's long axis, direction of rotation is designated by the direction of movement of the cranial or dorsal surface; involves entire long axis of bone
Rotation
86
3 types of fibrous joints
Sutures and syndesmoses and Gomphosis (tooth)
87
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88
Fibrous and cartilagenous joints are ------- and ------- & synovial joints are ---------
rigid and relatively immobile highly movable
89
2 types of cartilagenous joints
Syncondrosis and symphysis
90
Another name for spongy bone is...
Cancellous bone
91
Accessory ossification centers
Anconal of the ulna Medial coronoid process of the ulna Caudal glenoid region of the scapula Acetabular rim of pelvic limb
92
------------------------ = physis on immature bone ------------------------ = physis on mature bone
Epiphyseal plate Epiphyseal line
93
What is the part of the bone under the articular cartilage?
Subchondylar Bone
94
The axial skeleton is made up of the...
skull hyoid apparatus verterbrae ribs sternum
95
Shoulder girdle = ? Pelvic = ?
Scapula and clavicle Ox Coxae
96
First and last sternebrae = ?
Palpable landmarks
97
How many sternebrae are there?
8
98
How would you desctibe the mandible symphysis?
Fibrocartilagenous
99
7 types of synovial joints
Plane - vertebrae Hinge - elbow Sadle - digits to phalanges Elipsoidal - tardals to metatarsals Spheroidal - ball and socket Condylar - knee Pivot - atlantoaxial joint
100
Special vertebrae
C6 - largest trasnverse processes C7 - no more transverse foramina T11 - Anticinal vertebrae - spinous process straight up (caudal b4 and cranial after)
101
Differences in diameter of ---------------------- causes wobbler condition in large breed dogs
Vertebral foramen
102
What are the parts of the intervertebral disc
Anulus fibrosus and nucleus pulpossus (inner)
103
Head Joints
Temporomandibular Joint - chondylar synovial joint - condylar process (mandible) with mandibular fossa (zygomatic process of temporal bone) Mandibular Symphysis - fibrocartilagenous - two bodies of mandible Atlanto-Occipital Joint - chondylar synovial joint - occipital condyles to cranial articular fovea of atlas (no joint)
104
Vertebral Joints
Atlanto-Occipital Joint - chondylar synovial joint - occipital condyles to cranial articular fovea of atlas (no joint) Atlanto-Axial Joint - pivot synovial joint - caudal articular fovea of the atlas to the cranial articular surface of the axis (yes joint) Dorsal Atlanto-Axial Ligament - dorsal, arch of the atlas and spine of the axis Intervertebral Disk - anulus fibrosus + nucleus pulposus - between the bodies of the vertebrae Dorsal Longitudinal Ligament - floor of the vertebral canal Yellow Ligament - above the spinal cord - extend between the vertebral arches to cover the space between the articular processes Supraspinous Ligament - connects the apices of the spinous processes from C3-T1 Nuchal Ligament - cranial continuation of the supraspinous ligament Sacrotuberous ligament - sacrum to ishiatic tuberosity (not present in cats)
105
Joints of ribs to vertebrae
Head of rib to cranial and caudal costal fovea of vertebrae Tubercle of rib to transverse processes of vertebrae Intercapital Ligament - connect rib heads from T1-T10 = stabalizes intervertebral disks preventing intervertebral disk herniation

My Notes (25 decks)

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