Anatomy Brain Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
Embryologically, what are the 3 primary swellings that form the brain?
A
Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon
2
Q
In the vast majority of people the RIGHT/LEFT cerebral hemisphere is most dominant?
A
Left
3
Q
The frontal lobe includes the PRE/POST central gyrus?
A
Pre-central gyrus
4
Q
The PRE/POST central gyrus contains the primary somatosensory cortex?
A
POST central gyrus
5
Q
The PRE/POST central gyrus contains the primary motor cortex?
A
PRE central gyrus
- go (motor) to pres
6
Q
Where is Broca’s area located?
A
Frontal lobe (within the inferior frontal gyrus)
7
Q
Where is Wernike’s area located?
A
Temporal lobe (within the superior temporal gyrus)
8
Q
What is the function of Broca’s area?
A
Producing speech
Also responsible for writing
9
Q
What is the function of Wernike’s area?
A
Understanding language
10
Q
Damage to Broca’s area results in?
A
Expressive dysphasia
- patient can understand words
- patient can’t produce sound sentences
11
Q
Damage to Wernike’s area results in?
A
Receptive dysphasia
- patient can’t understand words
- patient can speak fluently
12
Q
Name the main functions of the frontal lobe?
A
Movement (pre-central gyrus) Producing speech (Broca) Personality, behaviour, emotions Judgement, planning, problem solving Concentration Intelligence
13
Q
What lobe of the brain is important for personality?
A
Frontal lobe
14
Q
Which lobe of the brain contains the post-central gyrus?
A
Parietal lobe
15
Q
What is the post-central gyrus responsible for ?
A
Contains the primary somatosensory cortex
16
Q
What is the function of the parietal lobe?
A
Processes sensory information such as taste, temperature, touch
17
Q
Damage to the parietal lobe results in?
A
Unable to feel sensations of touch
18
Q
What lobe of the brain is responsible for decision making and planning?
A
Frontal lobe
19
Q
What lobe of the brain is responsible for processing auditory information?
A
Temporal lobe
20
Q
Where is the auditory area of the cortex?
A
Superior temporal gyrus
21
Q
What lobe of the brain is responsible for processing visual information from the eyes?
A
Occipital lobe
22
Q
Damage to the occipital lobe results in?
A
Unable to correctly process visual signals
23
Q
What is the function of the insular lobe?
A
Important role to play in patient’s experience of pain
24
Q
Left hemisphere of the brain functions (*for right handed individuals)
A
Speech
Motor
Sensory functions
25
Right hemisphere of the brain functions (*for right handed individuals)
Abstract concepts
26
Which lobe is the lesion in?
- Receptive dysphasia
- Seizures
- CN III palsy
Temporal lobe
27
Which lobe is the lesion in?
- contralateral motor weakness
- personality changes
- expressive dysphasia
Frontal lobe
28
Which lobe is the lesion in?
- visual hallucinations
- contralateral homonymous hemianopia
Occipital lobe
29
Which lobe is the lesion in?
- contralateral sensory loss
- difficulty understanding maths
- difficulty writing
- left right disorientation
Parietal lobe
30
What are the 3 components of the brainstem?
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
31
What does a cross section of the midbrain look like?
Mickey mouse
32
What does a cross section of the pons look like?
Stripey (transverse pontine fibres)
33
What does a cross section of the medulla look like?
Wiggly worms
34
Where is the olivary nucleus located?
Medulla
35
What is the function of the midbrain?
Motor movements
| - particularly movements of the eye and in auditory and visual processing
36
What is the function of the pons?
Relays information from the cortex and the cerebellum
37
What is the function of the medulla?
Carries out and regulates life sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing and heart rate
38
Gyrus
Bumps on the surface of the brain
39
Sulcus
The slits (depressions) in the brain)
40
What is the importance of the central sulcus?
It divides the precentral gyrus (motor) from the post central gyrus (sensory)
41
In which lobe of the brain is the calcarine sulcus located?
Occipital lobe
42
The internal capsule is a GREY/WHITE matter tract?
White matter tract
43
What is the function of the internal capsule?
It carries information towards the brainstem
44
Where is the corpus callosum located?
Near the lateral ventricles
45
What is the function of the corpus callosum?
Carries information from left to right hemisphere
46
In the brain, grey matter is the INNER/OUTER aspect?
Outer
47
In the brain, white matter is the INNER/OUTER aspect?
Inner
48
Neurones are located in the WHITE/GREY matter?
Grey
49
Axons are located in the WHITE/GREY matter?
White
50
Cell processes are located in the WHITE/GREY matter?
Grey
51
What is the function of meninges?
Protective coverings for the brain and spinal cord
52
What are the 3 meninges?
Dura matter
Arachnoid matter
Pia matter
53
Dura matter - layers
```
Periosteal layer (superficial)
Meningeal layer (deep)
These 2 layers are usually stuck to each other but sometimes they split and a channel forms between them known as the dural venous sinus.
```
54
What is the diaphragm sellae
Tough sheet of dura mater forming a roof over the pituitary fossa
55
What is the tentorium cerebelli
Sheet of dura matter which acts as a tent over the cerebellum, separating the cerebellum from the occipital lobe
56
What is the fall cerebri
Sheet of dura matter in the midline which separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres
57
Appearance of arachnoid matter
Spidery
| Outpouchings (granulations)
58
What is the function of arachnoid granulations?
Facilitate the recycling (resorption) of CSF
59
Where is circulating CSF located?
Subarachnoid space (between arachnoid and pia matter)
60
Pia matter appearance
Very thin and shiny surface
61
Pia matter location
Directly adherent to brain tissue - follows the contours of the brain closely
62
Where is CSF produced?
Choroid plexus (located in the ventricles of the brain)
63
Ventricular pathway in the brain
Lateral ventricles (C-shaped)--> interventricular foramen of Monroe --> 3rd ventricle --> cerebral aqueduct --> 4th ventricle
64
Location of the 3rd ventricle
In the midline between the right and left halves of the diencephalon
65
Location of the 4th ventricle
Between the cerebellum and pons
66
Name 2 locations where CSF is absorbed?
Subarachnoid space
| Central canal of SC
67
Name 1 location where CSF is recycled
Arachnoid granulations
68
What is the anastomotic blood supply of the brain and where in the brain is it located?
Circle of willis
| Subarachnoid space
69
Anterior circulation of the brain originates from ?
Internal carotid arteries
70
Posterior circulation of the brain originates from ?
Vertebral arteries
71
The anterior circle of willis is formed by which arteries?
```
Posterior cerebral
Posterior communicating
Internal carotid
Anterior cerebral
Anterior communicating
```
72
R and L vertebral arteries join to form ?
Basilar artery
73
Basilar artery splits to form ?
R and L posterior cerebral artery
74
What supplies the posterior aspect of the cerebral hemispheres including the occipital lobe?
Posterior cerebral arteries
75
What is the function of the posterior communicating artery?
Connects the anterior and posterior circulations (branch of ICA and branch of posterior cerebral artery)
76
What gives rise to ophthalmic arteries?
ICA
77
ICA gives rise to middle cerebral arteries. True or False?
True
78
What arteries supply the lateral aspect of the cerebral hemispheres?
Middle cerebral arteries
79
What does middle cerebral arteries give rise to?
Anterior cerebral arteries
80
What arteries supply the medial aspect of cerebral hemispheres?
Anterior cerebral arteries
81
What is the main venous drainage network of the brain?
Dural venous sinuses
82
The superior and inferior sagittal sinus is located where?
In the Falx Cerebri
83
Pathway of venous drainage in the brain
Superior/inferior sagittal sinus -->
confluence of sinuses -->
Sigmoid sinus -->
IJV --> IJV leaves skull through jugular foramen
84
What passes through the cavernous sinus?
```
Internal carotid artery
CN III
CN IV
CN V1
CN V2
CN VI
```
85
Components of the diencephalon
Thalamus
| Hypothalamus
86
Thalamus - function
Modulates motor function by having connections with the motor cortex, basal ganglia and cerebellum
87
Hypothalamus - function
Thermal regulation
Regulates hormone release
Regulates feeding and starvation
88
Where is the cerebellum located?
Inferior to the cerebral hemispheres
| Tentorium cerebelli separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum
89
Function of the cerebellum
Balance and coordination of muscles and the body
An intended movement occurs in motor cortex.
Cerebellum helps corticospinal tract plan that movement then the movement occurs.
Cerebellum signals to the thalamus to alter the movements to ensure they are smoothly executed
90
The cerebellum has 2 hemispheres that are united by which narrow midline structure?
Vermis
91
What lobes are present in the cerebellum?
Anterior
Posterior
Flocculonodular
92
The cerebellum contains sulci and gyri - true or false?
False
| it contains sulci and folia
93
What is the deep cerebellar nuclei?
Grey matter found deep in the white matter core
94
What are peduncles?
White matter tracts that attach the cerebellum to the brainstem
95
What are the 3 cerebellar layers
Molecular layer (outer)
Purkinje cell layer (middle)
granule cell layer (inner)
96
Sensory inputs to the cerebellum enter cerebellar peduncles and project to which cerebellar layer?
Granule layer
97
The only motor output from the cerebellum is from which cell layer?
Purkinje cells
98
Cerebellar dysfunction symptoms - pneumonic
```
Dysdiadochinesia
Ataxia
Nystagmus
Intention tremor
Scanning dysarthria
Hypotonia
```
99
Basal ganglia is an essential part of the SENSORY/MOTOR system?
Motor
100
Functions of basal ganglia
Facilitate purposeful movement
Inhibit unwanted movement
Role in posture and muscle tone
101
Basal ganglia contains a series of WHITE/GREY matter structures?
Grey matter
102
Name the 5 components of the basal ganglia?
```
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globus pallidus
Subthalamic nucleus
Substantia nigra
```
103
What are the components of the striatum?
Caudate nucleus
| Putamen
104
What are the components of the lenticular nucleus?
Putamen
| Globus pallidus
105
Which component of the basal ganglia has 2 stripes?
Globus pallidus
106
How does the basal ganglia work with the motor cortex to enhance normal movement?
Excitation of desired movement +
| Inhibition of undesired movement
107
How does the basal ganglia work with the motor cortex to suppress unwanted movement
Inhibits outflow from the thalamus
108
Unilateral lesions in the basal ganglia affect the IPSILATERAL:/CONTRALATERAL side of the body?
Contralateral
109
Lesions in the basal ganglia cause the following motor signs
```
Change in muscle tone
Dyskinesia
- tremor
- chorea
- myoclonus
```
110
Which fibres connect cortical sites lying in the same hemisphere?
Association fibres
111
Which fibres connect one hemisphere to the other (usually connecting areas with similar function)?
Comissural fibres
112
Which fibres connect hemispheres to deeper structures (eg thalamus, brainstem, SC)
Projection fibres
113
What are the 5 layers of scalp
```
Skin
Connective tissue
Aponeurosis
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium
```
114
Which layer of the scalp contains the main arterial blood supply for the scalp?
Connective tissue
| - branches from ECA and ICA
115
Sutures are cartilaginous joints. True or false?
False
| - fibrous joints
116
What is the function of sutures?
Connect the bones of the skull
| Helps prevent skull fractures from spreading to other bones
117
What is the pterion?
H shaped suture where all the skull bones (apart from occipital) meet
118
Which lobe of the brain is responsible for memory?
Temporal lobe
119
Which lobe of the brain is important for executive function (i.e. making lists)?
Frontal lobe
