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J Neuro > ANATOMY - brain > Flashcards

ANATOMY - brain Flashcards

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1
Q

what does the telencephalon give rise to

A

cerebral hemispheres

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2
Q

what does the diencephalon give rise to

A

thalamus and hypothalamus

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3
Q

what does the mesencephalon give rise to

A

midbrain

Mesencephalon = Midbrain

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4
Q

what does the metencephalon give rise to

A

pons and cerebellum

METencephalon = where the pons and cerebellum MEET)

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5
Q

what does the myelencephalon give rise to

A

medulla oblongata

MeyeLencephalon = MeduLLa

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6
Q

what does the occipital lobe do

A

associated with sight

think occipital CN = sight

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7
Q

what does the temporal lobe do

A

emotion
organization
memory

think emotion = temperamental

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8
Q

which brain lobe is wernickes area in

how does damage to wernickes area present

A

temporal lobe
only in dominant side of brain (usually L)

difficulty understanding speech
temporal lobe = receptive/sensory centre = difficulties receiving info

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9
Q

which lobe is the temporal lobe anterior to

A

occipital

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10
Q

which sulcus is the temporal lobe inferior to

A

lateral sulcus

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11
Q

which sulcus is the parietal lobe posterior to
which sulcus is the parietal lobe superior to
which lobe it the parietal lobe posterior to

A

central sulcus
lateral sulcus
frontal lobe

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12
Q

which sulcus is the parietal lobe anterior to

A

parieto-occipital sulcus

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13
Q

which lobe is superior to temporal lobe

A

parietal lobe

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14
Q

what does the parietal lobe do

A

sensation and perception

remember;
precentral gyrus = motor cortex in frontal lobe
postcentral gyrus = somatosensory cortex in parietal lobe

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15
Q

which lobe is the post central gyrus in

what cortex is in the post central gyrus

A

parietal lobe

somatosensory

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16
Q

which is the most anterior lobe

A

frontal lobe

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17
Q

what does the frontal lobe do

A

planning, decision making, thinking

thinking - remember that you scratch the front of your head when thinking = frontal lobe

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18
Q

how does frontal lobe damage present

A

personality change

inability to solve problems

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19
Q

which lobe is brocas area in

how does damage to brocas area present

A

frontal lobe
dominant side of brain only - usually left

frontal lobe = motor problem = problem with their speech
damage = ‘broken language’ = cant think fluently = influent language
B rocas area = B roken language

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20
Q

which lobe is the pre central gyrus in

what cortex is in the precentral gyrus

A

frontal lobe

motor cortex

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21
Q

what is the 5th (hidden) lobe of the brain

A

insular lobe

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22
Q

what function does the insular lobe have

A

senses pain

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23
Q

where do inferior visual field defects end up in the brain (which lobe)

A

parietal lobe

remember PIST; parietal = inferior, superior = temporal
bc temporal lobe is inferior to parietal lobe but visual field tracts cross over (top to bottom and L to R)

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24
Q

where do superior visual field defects end up in the brain (which lobe)

A

temporal lobe

remember PIST; parietal = inferior, superior = temporal
bc temporal lobe is inferior to parietal lobe but visual field tracts cross over (top to bottom and L to R)

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25
what is a gyrus
bumps on the outside of brain
26
what is a sulcus
a groove in between gyri, on the outside of brain
27
what is a fissure
a deep sulcus (can stick finger in)
28
what are the 2 fissures of the brain
``` lateral fissures longitudinal fissure (along top of brain) ```
29
where is the precentral gyrus
in front of central sulcus, in frontal lobe
30
where is the post central gyrus
behind central sulcus, in parietal lobe
31
what is the most superior part of the brain stem
midbrain (in mid of brain)
32
what is the middle part of the brain stem
pons
33
what is the most inferior part of the brain stem
medulla
34
which is more external, grey matter or white matter (in cerebrum and cerebellum)
grey matter
35
which is more internal, grey matter or white matter (in cerebrum and cerebellum)
white matter
36
what cellular component is in grey matter
neurone bodies | synapses etc
37
what cellular component is in white matter how does it make it white
axons covered in myelin sheaths that are white in colour
38
what is the corpus callosum what is it made of where is it
connection between left and right side of brain made of white matter (axons) above the lateral ventricles
39
what are the 3 white matter communication areas
corpus callosum fornix internal capsule
40
where is the internal capsule | what is it made of
lateral to the third ventricles, seen in transverse plane | white matter
41
what are the names of the 'sulci and gyri' of the cerebellum
sulci and follia
42
when looking at a CT of the brainstem, what level of the brain stem are you at if you can see the cerebellum
pons both come from same embryological origin (metencephalon)
43
what attaches the cerebellum to the brainstem
penduncles (3 of them )
44
what are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum
anterior lobe posterior lobe floculonodular node - can see the flocculus outside, rest of lobe inside
45
what attaches the 2 cerebellar hemispheres together
vermis
46
what structure is the cerebellum underneath
tentorium cerebelli ('tents' the cerebellum)
47
how does grey and white matter differ in the cerebellum compared to cerebral hemispheres
white matter internally, grey matter externally = SAME small bits of grey matter (deep grey matter) in the white matter of cerebellum = DIFF from cerebral hemispheres = neurone bodies in the white matter
48
how do input signals to the cerebellum get there
via peduncles from brainstem | granule layer
49
which cell layer do output signals from cerebellum leave | where do the output signals synapse after they leave? then go to?
purkinje cells | synapse in thalamus = motor cortex (frontal lobe)
50
does the cerebellum have ipsilateral or contralateral on the body
ipsilateral - diff from rest of brain
51
what does the lateral cerebellum do (cerebrocerebellum)
limb coordination
52
what does the central cerebellum do (vestibulocerebellum and spinocerebellum)
postural control vestibulocerebellum - vestibular inputs spinocerebellum - maintains muscle tone and posture
53
cerebellar dysfunction presentation
DANISH dysdiadochokinesia - cant do rapid movements (eg hands supination) ataxia - has a broad based gait nystagmus - do H test intention tremor - do finger nose test scanning dysarthria - slow, poorly articulated speech hypotonia - reduced tone
54
are the basal ganglia in grey or white matter where about in cerebral hemispheres are they
grey bottom of cerebral hemispheres
55
basal ganglia what is the striatum made up of what does it look like
caudate nucleus and putamen STRIatum = looks STRIpey
56
basal ganglia what is the lenticular nucleus made up of what does it look like
putamen and globus pallidus lens shaped (hence 'len'ticular) - triangle shaped
57
what is the corpus striatum made up of
striatum AND lenticular nucleus caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus
58
where is the caudate nucleus
lateral floor of lateral ventricle
59
what are the 5 core components of the basal ganglia (basic components)
``` caudate nucleus putamen globus pallidus subthalamic nucleus substantia nigra ```
60
where is the subthalamic nucleu s
under the thalamus
61
what does the substantia nigra look like where do you see it
black lines axial section of brain stem
62
what disease is caused by degeneration of substantia nigra
parkinsons
63
s the basal ganglia grey matter or white matter
grey matter
64
what area of white matter is in close relation to the basal ganglia
internal capsule
65
what does the direct pathway of the basal ganglia do
increases desired movement | don't understand just learn
66
what does the indirect pathway of basal ganglia do
``` suppresses movement (don't understand just learn) ```
67
what is the function of basal ganglia
facilitates purposeful movement
68
what does a lesion in basal ganglia cause
contralateral changes in muscle tone, tremor, myoclonus etc NOT paralysis
69
how does parkinsons present where is the problem in parkinsons
akinesia rigidity resting tremor basal ganglia (substantia nigra) NOT cerebellum
70
apart form parkinsons, what other condition has affected basal ganglia
huntingtons
71
where does the brain blood supply come from (2 arteries)
internal carotid | vertebral artery
72
where is the vertebral artery a branch of
subclavian
73
where is the circle of willis in relation to layers of meninges
between arachnoid and pia mater
74
where do the anterior cerebral arteries come from
internal carotid
75
where do the middle cerebral arteries comes from
internal carotids
76
where is the anterior communicating artery between
right and left anterior cerebral arteries
77
where does the posterior cerebral arteries come from
basilar artery
78
where does the basilar artery come from
vertebral arteries?????
79
what is the posterior communicating artery between
posterior cerebral artery and the internal carotids = connection between anterior and posterior brain circulations
80
what is the most common site of aneurism in the circle of willis hence which part of the brain is most likely affected din a stroke
anterior communicating artery frontal lobe
81
what do the anterior cerebral arteries supply
medial cerebrum corpus callosum caudate nucleus
82
what do the middle cerebral arteries supply
lateral cerebrum | basal ganglia
83
what do the posterior cerebral arteries supply
posterior cerebrum | incl visual cortex
84
clinical presentation of anterior cerebral artery occlusion
contralateral leg sensory and motor problem | frontal lobe dysfunction - personality change, cant solve problems
85
clinical presentation of middle cerebral artery occlusion
contralateral face and upper limb motor and sensory problem
86
clinical presentation of posterior cerebral artery occlusion
homonymous hemianopia on contralateral side (eg lesion on R = cant see L vision in both eyes)
87
what is the central sulcus if you cant find it, how can it be found
the sulcus that runs downs the centre of the lateral border of the brain, v deep!!! should see it from medial border (if given that also) - called the cingulate sulcus here cingulate sulcus - prominent, runs horizontal then vertically up
88
which lobe is the insular lobe under
temporal lobe
89
what is the gyrus of the cerebellum called KNOW FOR SPOTS
folia
90
which structure is the corpus callosum above in the coronal plane
right above the lateral ventricles
91
which cranial foramen goes along, up, then along again KNOW FOR SPOTS
carotid canal
92
where do all the venous sinuses of brain drain before going into the internal jugular vein where is this
the confluence of sinuses under occipital bone
93
in the homunculus, where are the legs
medially (the bit that dips in in the middle) looks like someone lying on back with legs dangling down
94
what is the fissure that runs down the middle of the brain from front to back called
longitudinal fissure
95
what is the central sulcus a continuation of
the cingulate sulcus in the medial wall of brain

J Neuro (32 decks)

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