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12 grade > anatomy Ch 7 Test review > Flashcards

anatomy Ch 7 Test review Flashcards

(97 cards)

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1
Q

the brain and spinal cord

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

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2
Q

a system of nerves that connects the outlying parts of the body with the CNS

A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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3
Q

a division of the PNS; also called the voluntary nervous system

A

somatic nervous system

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4
Q

division of the nervous system that functions involuntarily; innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

A

autonomic nervous system

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5
Q

the nonneuronal tissue of the CNS that performs supportive and other functions; also called glia

A

neuroglia (glial, glia)

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6
Q

abundant star-shaped cells that account for nearly half of the neural tissue, help protect the neurons from harmful substances that might be in the blood, help control the chemical environment in the brain by “mopping up” leaking potassium ions and recapturing released neurotransmitters

A

astrocytes

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7
Q

spiderlike phagocytes that dispose of debris, including dead brain cells & bacteria

A

microglia

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8
Q

line central cavity of the brain and spinal cord, their cilia help to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid that fills those cavities and form a protective cushion around the CNS

A

ependymal

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9
Q

glia that wrap their flat extensions tightly around the nerve fibers, producing fatty insulating coverings called myelin sheaths

A

oligodendrocytes

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10
Q

supporting cells in PNS, form myelin sheaths around nerve fibers found in PNS

A

Schwann cells

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11
Q

supporting cells in PNS, act as protective, cushioning cells

A

satellite cells

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12
Q

cells of the nervous system specialized to transmit messages throughout the body

A

neurons (nerve cells)

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13
Q

metabolic center of the neuron

A

cell body

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14
Q

neuron process that carries impulses away from the nerve cell body; efferent process; the conducting portion of a nerve cell

A

axon

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15
Q

the region of communication between neurons

A

synapse

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16
Q

a white fatty lipid substance

A

myelin ( myelin sheath)

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17
Q

the white substance of the CNS; the myelinated nerve fibers

A

white matter

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18
Q

the gray area of the CNS; contains unmyelinated nerve fibers and nerve cell bodies

A

gray matter

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19
Q

carries nerve impulses to the CNS

A

sensory neurons

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20
Q

nerve cells that carry impulses toward the CNS

A

afferent neurons

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21
Q

neurons that conduct impulses away from the CNS

A

efferent neurons

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22
Q

a receptor located in a muscle or tendon; concerned with locomotion, posture, and muscle tone

A

proprioceptors

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23
Q

an electrical event occurring when a stimulus of sufficient intensity is applied to a neuron or muscle cell, allowing sodium ions to move into the cell and reverse polarity

A

action potential

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24
Q

the loss of a state of polarity; the loss of a negative charge inside the plasma membrane

A

depolarization

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25
a local change in membrane potential that varies directly with the strength of the stimulus, declines with distance
graded potential
26
restoration of the membrane potential to the initial resting polarized state
repolarization
27
an outward fold of the surface of the cerebral cortex, ridge in the brain
gyri
28
a groove or cleft; the deepest depressions or inward fold on the brain, deep groove
fissures
29
a prominent groove on the lateral surface of the cerebral hemisphere that separates the frontal and parietal lobes, shallow groove
central salcus
30
receives impulses from the body's sensory receptors, pain, temperature, and light touch, allows us to consciously move skeletal muscles, Broca's area, outer layer of the cerebrum
cerebral cortex
31
allows us to consciously move skeletal muscle, located anterior to the central sulcus in the frontal lobe, motor neurons form ( corticospinal) tract
primary motor area
32
involved with the ability to speak, the left hemisphere base of the precentral gyrus
broca's area
33
a structure in the middle of your brain that connects the left and right hemispheres
corpus callosum
34
a mass of gray matter in the diencephalon of the brain, processes sensory and motor info and send it to cerebral cortex
thalamus
35
the region of the diencephalon forming the floor of the third ventricle of the brain, controls vital functions
hypothalamus
36
slight brain injury, typically little permeant brain damage occurs, happens when brain is hit or shaken
concussion
37
marked nervous tissue destruction occurs, coma may occur, bruising of the brain
contusion
38
stroke, blood circulates to a brain area is blocked and brain tissue can die, loss of some functions or death may occur
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
39
paralysis of one side of the body
hemiplegia
40
temporary brain ischemia (restriction of blood flow) numbness, temporary paralysis, impaired speech
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
41
what are the parts of a neuron?
Cell body, dendrites, axon, myelin, axon terminal, nodes of ranvier
42
what does an axon do?
carriers impulses away from the cell body
43
what do dendrites do?
receive messages from other cells
44
What does myelin do?
increase action potential conduction speed
45
what does the cell body do in the neuron?
transfer electrical signals from the dendrites to the axon
46
what are the two parts of the nervous system?
central and peripheral
47
what nervous system is based off structure?
Central
48
what nervous system is based off function?
peripheral
49
What are two division of the PNS
sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent)
50
what are two parts of the motor division?
somatic and autonomic
51
which part of motor division is involuntary?
autonomic nervous system
52
which part of motor division is voluntary?
somatic nervous system
53
what are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
sympathetic and parasympathetic division
54
what part of the autonomic nervous system controls the fight or flight
sympathetic division
55
what are the support cells of the CNS
astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, oligodendrocytes
56
what are the support cells of the PNS
schwann cells and satellite cells
57
what do astrocytes do?
form blood brain barrier
58
what do microglia do?
dispose of debris
59
what do ependymal cells do?
produces CSF
60
what do oligodendrocytes do?
produce myelin
61
what do satellite cells do?
protect neuron cell bodies
62
what do Schwann cells do?
form myelin sheath
63
what is the difference between white and gray matter?
Gray matter has cell bodies, while white matter has myelinated axons
64
what does white matter do?
carry signals from one part of the CNS to another
65
what does gray matter do?
processes info from the sense organs and controls the body's movements
66
what are the three types of neurons?
sensory, motor, interneurons
67
what is the function of an interneuron?
connects sensory neurons to motor neurons
68
what is a function of a motor neuron
carry info from brain and spinal cord to muscles
69
what are the parts of the diencephalon?
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
70
what is the cerebellum?
mini-brain, responsible for muslce contraction & balance
71
what are the functions of the brain stem?
breathing, heart rate, blood pressure
72
parts of the brain stem
midbrain, pons, medulla
73
what is a TBI?
traumatic brain injury
74
what is RAS?
reticular activating system, control sleep schedule
75
difference between somatic and autonomic
somatic is self control and autonomic is automatic
76
what is the Broca's area responsible for?
speech
77
what are parts of the meningeal layer?
Dura Mater, Arachnoid, Pia Mater
78
what are steps of a reflex arc?
receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector
79
what causes an action potential?
stimulus
80
parts of an action potential?
stimulus, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization, resting membrane potential
81
what does CSF form?
choroid plexuses
82
where is CSF?
subarachnoid space
83
what is the corpus callosum?
connects the two hemispheres, allows communication
84
what is the purpose of the parasympathetic and sympathetic division?
they work together to maintain homeostasis
85
what happens in the action potential?
sodium channels close, and potassium channels open
86
where does CSF not go?
brain tissue, peripheral nerves, bloodstream, epidural space
87
how many cranial nerves are there?
12 pairs
88
how many spinal nerves are there?
31 pairs
89
what is the function of the parietal lobe
touch, temperature, pain, spatial awareness
90
what is the function of the frontal lobe
reasoning and judgment, speech production, emotions
91
what is the fuction of occipital lobe
vision
92
what is an axon hillock?
where the axon connects to the cell body
93
what does the primary motor area do
sends impulses to skeletal muscles
94
what is the medulla oblongatas function
blood pressure, water balance, survival function
95
what is the pons functions
relays sensory info to the cerebellum and thalamus
96
what is the midbrains function
es ascending impulses to the brain and descending impulses to the spinal cord
97
what is the cerebrums function
ability to read, write, speak

12 grade (49 decks)

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