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Anatomy! > Anatomy Chapter 11- Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Anatomy Chapter 11- Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

Nervous System Functions

A
  1. Sensory Input- Monitor changes that occur inside and outside the body
  2. Integration- process and interpret information
  3. Motor output- response is carried out
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2
Q

Components of the Nervous System

A
  1. Central Nervous System
  2. Peripheral Nervous System
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3
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and Spinal Cord
Function- Responsible of interpreting sensory input and deciding motor output

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4
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Nerves that extend from the CNS to the rest of the body
Function- info can be sent between the CNS to the rest of the body

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5
Q

Neurons

A

nerve cells that can respond to stimuli & transmit electrical signals
Highly specialized

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6
Q

Neuroglia

A

Glial cells
Provide support and maintenance to neurons

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7
Q

Astrocytes

A

Most abundant, support and protect neurons in the CNS

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8
Q

Functions of Astrocytes

A
  1. Provide nutrient supply for neuron cells
  2. Allows migration of young neurons
  3. “Clean up” outside neuron cells
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9
Q

Microglial Cells

A

CNS
1. Contact nearby neuron cells to monitor neuron health
2. Migrate toward injured neurons and transform into a macrophage and phagocytize the neuron

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10
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

CNS
Usually have cilia
Function- Lines central cavities of the CNS to circulate cerebrospinal fluid within cavities

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11
Q

Satallite cells

A

PNS
Support and protect cells

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12
Q

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann Cells

A

CNS and PNS, respectively
Function- Myelin sheat creates an insulating covering for neurons

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13
Q

Neurons

A

Cells of the nervous system specialized to generate or transmit electrical signals

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14
Q

Nerve impulses

A

electrical signals

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15
Q

The general structure of a neuron

A
  1. Cell body
  2. Dendrites
  3. Axons
  4. Myelin Sheaths
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16
Q

Cell Body of a Neuron

A

Portion of the cell containing the nucleus
Function- plasma membrane can receive information from the surrounding neurons

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17
Q

Dendrites

A

Main receptive region of a neuron

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18
Q

Axon

A

Single, long “nerve fiber” extending from the cell body
The axon is the conducting region of the neuron

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19
Q

Tracts

A

Bundles of axons in the CNS

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20
Q

Nerves

A

Bundles of axons in the PNS

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21
Q

Axon terminal

A

Where neurotransmitters are released to pass the impulse to the next neuron

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22
Q

Myelin Sheaths

A

Protects and electrically insulate long and/or large nerve fibers to increase speed at which impulses are transmitted

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23
Q

Myelin Sheath Gaps

A

Region of axon that is “exposed” due to absence of Schwann cell covering

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24
Q

Sensory neuron

A

Afferent neurons transmit signals from the body to the CNS

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25
Motor neuron
Efferent neuron transmits motor response from the CNS to the rest of the body
26
Interneuron
Lie between sensory and motor neurons
27
Resting membrane potential
-70 mV
28
Leakage channels
Nongated Allow free low of ions across the channel
29
Gated proteins
Part of the protein forms a gate that mus the opened before ions can move
30
Types of gated proteins
1. Chemically 2. Voltage 3. Mechanically
31
Chemically gated
Only open when a certain chemcial binds to protein
32
Voltage-gated
Open and close in response to changing membrane potentials
33
Mechanically gated
Open in response to physical deformation of receptor
34
Depolarization
Decreases in membrane potential Inside becomes less negative than resting potential More likely to send a message (excitation)
35
Hyperpolarization
Increase in membrane potential The inside of the membrane becomes more negative than the resting potential Less likely to send a message
36
Graded potentials
Occur over short distances Necessary to initiate an action potential
37
Graded
Magnitude varies directly with stimulus strength
38
Action potentials
A very brief reversal of membrane potential -70 mV to +30 mV
39
Trigger point
Action potentials originate at the beginning of axon arising from cell body
40
Activation gate
Voltage-sensitive, opens at depolarization
41
Inactivation Gate
Blocks chanel to prevent Na+ movement
42
K+ gate
1. All voltage-gated channels are closed at the resting state (-70 mV) 2. Depolarization: voltage-gated Na+ channels open at the axon 3. Repolarization- Where action potential ends 4. Hyperpolarization: excess K+ leaves cell
43
Refractory Period
A period of time in which a second Action potential cannot be generated at an axon
44
Absolute Refractory period
Cannot begin an action potential Importance- Ensures each action potential is a separate event Enforces 1 was transmission
45
Relative refractory period
occurs after the absolute refractory period only strong stimulus can stimulate an Action potential due to hyperpolarization
46
Conduction Speed is based on...
Axon Diameter Degree of Myelination
47
Axon Diameter
Larger axon = faster conduction
48
Degree of myelination
More myelination = faster conduction
49
Types of conduction
1. Continuous conduction 2. Saltatory conduction
50
Continuous conduction
Propogation in unmyelinated fibers
51
Saltatory conduction
Propagation in myelinated fibers
52
Synapse
Junction between two neurons that sends information from one neuron to thenext
53
Presynaptic neurons
Conduct impulses toward the synapse Sending info
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Postsynaptic neurons
Conduct signal away from the synapse receiving info
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Synaptic cleft
Fluid filled space
56
Transmission of action potentials from one neuron to another- chemical synapses
1) Action potential arrives at axon terminal of presynaptic neuron 2) Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in terminal open in response to AP 3) Synaptic vesicles in axon terminal fuse with membrane in response to Ca2+ influx 4) Neurotransmitter crosses cleft, binds to proteins on postsynaptic neuron 5) Neurotransmitter binds receptors on the postsynaptic neuron membrane (proteins - causes the message to be received) 6) Neurotransmitter in synaptic cleft is disposed of
57
Neurotransmitter disposal process
1. Reuptake- presynaptic neuron or astrocyte takes neurotransmitter 2. Degradation- breaking it down by enzymes 3. Diffusion- Leaves bc its too far away from postsynaptic neuron
58
Neurotransmitter disposal process
1. Reuptake- presynaptic neuron or astrocyte takes neurotransmitter 2. Degradation- breaking it down by enzymes 3. Diffusion- Leaves bc its too far away from the postsynaptic neuron
59
Postsynaptic Potentials
The temporary change in membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron
60
Excitatory Postsynaptic potential
Binding of neurotransmitter causes the membrane to depolarize
61
Temporal summation
The postsynaptic neuron receives multiple EPSPs in rapid-fire order
62
Spatial summation
Postsynaptic neurons receive multiple EPSPs at the same time
63
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential
Binding of neurotransmitter causes the membrane to hyperpolarize
64
Neurotransmitters
Chemical signals produced in the cell body and is transported to the axon terminal
65
Channel-linked receptors
Mediate fast synaptic transmission Ligand gated ion channels that opens
66
G Protein Coupled receptors
1. Neurotransmitter binds in the postsynaptic membrane 2. G protein activated inside the neuron 3. G protein activates adenylate cyclase 4. adenylate cyclase produces cyclic AMP

Anatomy! (8 decks)

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