Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy! > Chapter 16- The Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 16- The Endocrine System Flashcards

(49 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Hormones

A

Long distance (not affecting the cells that are in the same tissue they are inchemical messengers that cause a change in metabolic activity of a cell
long lasting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

hormone control

A

Reproduction
Growth and development
Immune system activation
Maintenance of various blood components (glucose, electrolytes, water, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

autocrines and paractines

A

short-sdistance chemical messengers
more localized infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

autocrine

A

a chemical message that affects the same cell that produces the message

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

paracrine

A

a chemical message that is produced by one cell but affects a different cell
same tissue but different cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Major classifications of hormones

A
  1. amino acid-based hormones- water soluble transports a protein from point a to point b
  2. steroid hormones- synthesized from cholesterol
    lipid soluble
    the only steroid hormones in the body are gonadal hormones and adrenocortical
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hormone Actions

A
  1. Altering plasma membrane permeability or membrane potential (epinephrine)
  2. stimulates the synthesis of enzymes/proteins in the cell
  3. Activates and deactivates enzymes
  4. induces secratory activity
  5. stimulates mitosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Target cells

A

affected by hormones that have the appropriate receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

2 mechanisms of hormones

A
  1. secondary messenger system through g protein (extremely efficient)
  2. intracellular system- hormone enters cell and binds to intracellular receptors and DNA transcription occurs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

stimulus mechanisms

A
  1. humoral stimuli- change blood levels of critical ion and nutritns
  2. neural stimuli- nerve fibers stimulate hormone release
  3. hormonal stimuli- hormone released in response to other hormones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

hormone concentration in blood depends on

A
  1. how fast its released from the organ
  2. how fast it is broken down (hormones are removed by kidneys and liver) (water soluble hormones have shortest half life)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hormone release

A

negative feedback mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

activation of a cell depends on

A
  1. blood levels of a hormone (more blood = more binding)
  2. number of receptors for specific hormone on/in a cell (more receptors = more binding)
  3. affinity of receptor to the hormone (easier binding, the higher the effect)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

up-regulation

A

increase receptor number in response to low hormone levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

down-regulation

A

decrease receptor number in response to high hormone levels (safety backup mechanism)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Permissiveness

A

one horone cannot have funn effect without binding of a second specific hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

synergism

A

2 or more horones with similar effects bind to target cell and amplification occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

antagoism

A

one hormone opposes the effect of another and they will compete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Pituitary gland

A

anterior and posterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

anterior pituitary

Study These Flashcards
A

manufacturers and releases several dfifferent hormones

21
Q

posterior pituitary

Study These Flashcards
A

composed mostly of neural tissue and nerve fibers

22
Q

release of hormones controlled by pituitary

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. action potentials from hypothalamus causes hormone release (posterior pituitary)
  2. hypothalamic hormones released into hypophyseal portal system (anterior pituitary)
23
Q

hypophyseal portal system

Study These Flashcards
A

stimulate or inhibit hormone release

24
Q

Oxytocin

Study These Flashcards
A

stimulant for uterine contraction, milk ejection, “cuddle hormone”
Neurotransmitter in brain → promotes nurturing, couple bonding, trust, affectionate behavior
Stretching of cervix during childbirth sends afferent impulses to hypothalamus → stimulates posterior pituitary to release oxytocin

25
Antidiuretic hormone
inhibits formation of urine by increasing return of water to blood supply by kidneys ADH will influence how much water leaves the body through urine
26
six anterior pituirtary hormones
1. growth hormone 2. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) (tropin) 3. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) (tropin) 4 and 5. Gonadotropins - 4) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and 5) Luteinizing hormone (LH) (both tropin) 6. Prolactin (PRL)
27
Thyroid Hormone
major metabolic hormone that affects every cell body 1. increases metabolic rate and body heat production 2. regulates tissue growth.development 3. maintains blood pressure
28
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
contributes to calcium homeostasis in body
29
Falling blood Ca2+ levels stimulate PTH release by:
1) Stimulating osteoclasts to increase bone degradation 2) Enhancing Ca2+ reabsorption by kidneys 3) Activating vitamin D → increases absorption of Ca2+ from digestive system
30
Adrenal glands
stress response, electrolyte balance
31
adrenal cortex
outmost region that produces cortiocosteroids
32
Three subdivisions of adrenal cortex
A) Zona glomerulosa: produce mineralcorticoids B) Zona fasciculata: produce glucocorticoids C) Zona reticularis: produce gonadocorticoids
33
Mineralcorticoids
regulate electrolyte concentration in ECF → especially Na+ and K+ Importance: Na+ influences water movement → can affect blood volume and blood pressure K+ determines resting membrane potential → imbalance affects responsiveness of neurons
34
Glucocorticoids
influence energy metabolism of cells, provide resistance to stressors Specific types: cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone Cortisol release stimulated by ACTH Release usually secretory bursts → increases when we first wake up & during eating Stress affects cortisol release → CNS overrides negative feedback mechanism & more cortisol released
35
Effects of glucocorticoids:
Mobilizes body stores to create more glucose Provokes sympathetic nervous system → vasoconstriction
36
Excessive release causes:
Depressed cartilage & bone formation Inhibits inflammation Depresses immune system Disrupts normal cardiovascular, neural, gastrointestinal functions
37
Gonadocortioids
small amounts of androgens released by adrenal cortex Some converted to testosterone, others converted to estrogen Amount produced by adrenal cortex is very small compared to what is produced by gonads
38
effects of gonadocorotioids
Contribute to axillary and pubic hair development Females → contributes to sex drive, produce estrogens post-menopause Menopause- ovaries stop producing androgen and instead produce estrogen
39
adtenal medulla
innermost region of adrenal gland Synthesize epinephrine & norepinephrine
40
Unequal amounts stored & released in adrenal medulla
80% epinephrine: greater influence on metabolic activity & is a dilator of airways in lungs 20% norepinephrine: greater influence on blood vessel diameter
41
pineal gland
secretes melatonin Effect: regulates night-day cycles, sleeping schedule Release controlled indirectly by visual pathways → intensity & duration of sunlight
42
The pancreas
Hormones produced in pancreatic islets Function: controls blood sugar levels Produces & secretes 2 hormones: 1. glucagon 2. insulin
43
Glucagon
produced by alpha cells Hyperglycemic effect Effects: Stimulates liver to break down glycogen, convert non-carbohydrate molecules to glucose, release glucose from liver cells Release controlled by dropping blood glucose levels
44
Insulin
produced by beta cells Hypoglycemic effect Effects: Increases glucose uptake by body cells, inhibits glycogen breakdown, inhibits conversion of non-carbohydrate molecules to glucose Release controlled by: Elevated blood glucose Rising blood levels of amino acids & fats Acetylcholine release from parasympathetic Any hyperglycemic hormone
45
Diabetes mellitus
inadequate (or absent) release of insulin by pancreas Effect: consistently high blood sugar levels Normal range (fasting): 99 mg glucose/dl blood (or lower) Diabetes (fasting): 126+ mg glucose/dl blood
46
Type 1
autoimmune condition → insulin is not produced by the pancreas Several genes contribute to condition Treatment: insulin shots before meals or continuous fusion pumps If left untreated → development of vascular & neural problems
47
Type 2
insulin resistance → insulin released, but cells do not respond Correlated more with lifestyle Some genetic component, but almost all are overweight and underactive Similar complications to type 1 diabetes if not managed/treated Can be managed with diet and exercise
48
Gonads
Females: ovaries produce estrogens & progesterone Estrogen function: maturation of reproductive organs, appearance of secondary sex characteristics Progesterone function: breast development, cyclic changes in uterine mucosa Males: testes produce testosterone Function: maturation and maintenance of reproductive organs, appearance of secondary sex characteristics, sex drive, normal sperm production
49
Placenta
Temporary endocrine organ Produces estrogens, progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) Function: maintains pregnancy

Anatomy! (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions