Anatomy - Clinical Anatomy of the Heart

Question 1

What is haemopericardium and what can it cause?

Answer 1

When the pericardial cavity fills with blood. It can cause cardiac tamponade. Slide 4

Question 2

What is pericardiocentesis and how would you perform it?

Answer 2

It is the drainage of fluid from the pericardial cavity.

A needle is inserted in the infrasternal angle and directed superoposteriorly while aspirating. Slide 5

Question 3

What is the trasnverse pericardial sinus and what is it used for?

Answer 3

A space within the pericardia caivty and lies posterior to the ascendign aorta and pulmoanry trunk and superior over the SVC.
It allows cardiac surgeons to identify the great vessels to perform cardiopulmonary bypass. Slide 6

Question 4

If the heart was removed from the pericardial cavity, what openings would be seen from the great vessels?

Answer 4

Inferiorly: IVC
Posteriorly: Pulmonary veins
Superiorly: SVC, aorta, pulmonary trunk
Slide 8

Question 5

What are the clinically important surfaces of the heart?

Answer 5

Anterior (sternocostal)
Base (posterior)
Inferior (diaphragmatic)
Slide 10

Question 6

What are the 4 clinically important borders of the heart?

Answer 6

Right
Left
Inferior
Superior. Slide 10

Question 7

Out of the phrenic and vagus nerves, which is more lateral than the other?

Answer 7

Phrenic is lateral. Slide 12

Question 8

Where does the right coronary artery sit and what does it indicate?

Answer 8

In the coronary groove

Indicates the surface marking for the tricuspid valve. Slide 12

Question 9

Where does the left coronary artery sit and what does it indicate?

Answer 9

Sits in the anterior interventricular groove and indicates the boundary between the 2 ventricles. Slide 12

Question 10

What is the coronary sinus?

Answer 10

It is a short venous conduit that recieves deO2 blood and draisn in to the right atrium Slide 13

Question 11

What are the are the 2 branches from the right and left coronary artery?

Answer 11

Right: right marginal artery and posterior interventricular artery.
Left: Left marginal artery and the left anterior descening artery with the circumfelx artery coming off it. Slide 14

Question 12

What is the first branch that comes off the aorta?

Answer 12

The coronary artery (off the ascending aorta). Slide 14

Question 13

What are the 2 septel defects you can get and what does can it result in?

Answer 13

An atrial septal defect and a ventricular septal defect.

Can result in mixing of arterial and venous blood causing hypoxaemia. Slide 20+21

Question 14

what are the 2 surface textures in the right atrium, what differentiates them and what does one texture have on it?

Answer 14

Muscular and smooth texture.
Differentiating them are the crista terminalis.
On the smooth texture these is the oval fossa. Slide 22

Question 15

What are the 3 cusps in the tricuspid and aortic valve called?

Answer 15

Tricuspid: Anterior, posterior and septal cusps.
Aortic: Right, left and posterior. Slide 24

Question 16

What are the function of the papillary muscles and tendinous cords?

Answer 16

They prevent the valves from going the other way during contraction and act as a prevantative mechanism to stop regurgitation. Slide 24

Question 17

What is the function of the moderator band (septomarginal trabecula)?

Answer 17

The anterior cusp is slightly further away than the rest so it carries the electrical signal so the cusps contract at the same time. Slide 25

Question 18

What are the openings in the left atrium?

Answer 18

The superior and inferior pulmonary veins. Slide 26

Question 19

How does the fibrous skeleton of the heart interact with the valves?

Answer 19

It encases the valves providing structural integrity. Slide 25