Anatomy exam 1 Flashcards
(234 cards)
1
Q
What is the difference between a sagittal plane and a midsagittal plane?
A
midsagittal must be midline whereas sagittal does not
2
Q
what are is medial/lateral not applicable to?
A
below elbow
3
Q
Thumbs out is standard position because:
A
ulnar and radius are STRAIGHT
4
Q
how many cervical vertebrae are there?
A
7
5
Q
How many thoracic vertebrae are there?
A
12
6
Q
How many lumbar vertebrae are there
A
5
7
Q
How many sacral vertebrae are there?
A
5 fused vertebrae
8
Q
How many vertebrae make up the coccyx?
A
3-4
9
Q
What does the foramen transversarium do?
A
protects the vertebral artery
10
Q
what is the purpose of the transverse process of the vertebrae?
A
it anchors the spine
11
Q
What is the purpose of the articulate processes?
A
to fit into/stabilize vertebrae
12
Q
what is in the zygapophysial (facet) joint?
A
1-2mL of synovial fluid
13
Q
What type of cells produce synovial fluid?
A
goblet cells
14
Q
What is the purpose of the facet joint?
A
to allow greater flexibility
15
Q
What is the intervertebral foramen for?
A
Allows exit of dorsal and ventral peripheral roots out of the spinal cord
16
Q
What is the nucleus pulposus?
A
the inner section of a intervertebral disc
17
Q
how many attachments points do each rib have?
A
3 demifacets: 2 on own rib, one on superior rib
18
Q
the head of the rib attaches to:
A
superior and inferior rib demifacets
19
Q
what is an apenerosis?
A
a strong fibrous muscle attachment
20
Q
Where is the trapezius attached?
A
Spine
spine of the scapula
head
21
Q
What muscle group is immediately deep to the trapezius?
A
Rhomboid major
Rhomboid minor
22
Q
The Rhomboid major is _______ to the rhomboid minor
A
inferior
23
Q
How many muscles are attached to the scapula?
A
17
24
Q
Where can the rhomboids be differentiated?
A
medial spine of the scapula
25
What is the levator scapula attached to? function?
superior medial border of the scapula and neck- NOT head. lifts shoulders
26
Muscles are bound in:
fascia
27
What muscle is immediately deep to the rhomboid group?
Serratus posterior superior
28
What muscle is deep to the latissimus dorsi?
Serratus posterior inferior
29
What superior muscle is deep to the trapezius?
Splenius capitis
30
What muscle is deep to the splenius capitis?
Semispinalis capitis
31
The teres major is superior to the:
latissimus dorsi
32
the teres minor is superior to the:
teres major
33
the supraspinatus is lateral to the:
levator scapula
34
T/F the shoulder is one of the two ball in socket joints in the body.
FALSE
35
muscle affected in 80% of rotator cuff injuries
supraspinatus
36
4 muscles that make up the rotator cuff:
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
subscapularis
37
What are the three muscles that support the posterior aspect of the neck?
1. trapezius
2. splenius capitis
3. semispinalis capitis
38
How can you differentiate the teres minor from the teres major?
the long head of the tricep is deep to the minor and superficial to the major
39
What makes up the borders of the quadrangular space?
surgical neck of the humerus- lateral
subscapularis- superior
long head of the triceps brachii- medial
teres major- inferior
40
What structures exit through the quadrangular space?
axillary nerve
posterior circumflex humeral artery and vein
41
What structures make up the triangular interval?
shaft of the humerus- lateral
long head of triceps brachii- medial
teres major- superior
42
What structure exit through the triangular interval?
Radial nerve
profunda brachii artery
43
What structures make up the triangular space?
long head of triceps brachii- lateral
teres major- inferior
subscapularis- superior
44
What structures exit through the triangular space?
circumflex scapular artery
45
What are the three muscles that attach to the corocoid process?
Short head of the biceps
corocobrachialis
pectoralis minor
46
The bicipital aponeurosis connects the biceps to the:
ulna and radius
47
What are the two connection points of the corocoidbrachialis?
corocoidprocess and mid-humerus
48
What is the corocoidbrachialis important?
used to identify the brachial plexus because the musculocutaneous is the only nerve that fully penetrates a muscle.
49
What are the two attachment points of the brachialis muscle?
mid-humerus and ulna
50
Extension moved hand _____
up
51
Flexion moves hand ______
down
52
The muscle group on the top of the lower arm are:
extensors
53
The muscle group on the inferior belly of the lower arm are:
flexors
54
If there is a longus there's a _____
brevis
55
policus =
thumb
56
holicus =
big toe
57
what's inside the anconeus muscle?
a bone !
58
Pronator teres is immediately deep to
brachioradialis
59
What is the function of the pronator teres?
to pull radius over ulna/pronate hand/arm
60
function of palmarius longus
contract/flex palm
61
there is 1 set of extensors and 2 sets of flexors in the lower arm to assist with:
grip strength
62
What are the three nerves in the lower arm?
Radial, medial, ulnar
63
What are the four major branches of the brachial plexus?
musculocutaneous
ulnar
medial
radial
64
Which one of the four branches of the brachial plexus do not reach the hand?
musculocutaneous
65
What are the roots of the brachial plexus?
C5, 6, 7, 8, T1
66
What are the 3 trunks of the brachial plexus
superior
middle
inferior
67
What are the 3 cords of the brachial plexus?
lateral
posterior
medial
68
Why is carpel tunnel so painful?
puts pressure on the
median nerve
69
What type of block covers the entire brachial plexus?
Scalene block
70
Which truck is formed by C5 and C6?
Superior
71
Which trunk is formed by a singular C7 root?
Middle
72
Which truck is formed by C8 and T1?
Inferior
73
The 3 trunks of the brachial plexus split into:
3 anterior and 3 posterior divisions
74
The phrenic nerve originates from:
C3,4,5
75
what nerve must come off the posterior cord before it becomes the radial?
axillary
76
Which two veins do not run with arteries?
Cephalic and saphenous
77
what muscle is immediately superior to the exit of the sciatic nerve?
piriformis
78
When does the brachiocephalic become the subclavian?
when it gives rise to the common carotid
79
When does the subclavian become the axillary?
when it passes the first rib
80
When does the axillary become brachial?
when it passes the teres major
81
What three structures are in the carotid sheath?
1. Carotid artery
2. Internal jugular vein
3. Vagus nerve
82
What are the two major veins in the upper extremity?
cephalic
basilic
83
What vein connects the two major veins in the upper extremity?
median cubital vein
84
The external jugular is sister to the ________ as the internal jugular is sister to the carotid artery
thyrocervical trunk
85
What is the origin of the circumflex scapular artery?
Subscapular artery
86
Where is the carotid sinus and what is it?
it is where the carotid branches into the internal and external carotids.
it contains baroreceptors that assist in regulating blood pressure
87
What is the first branch off the external carotid artery?
superior thyroid artery
88
What is the second branch off the external carotid artery?
Lingual artery
89
What is the third branch off the external carotid artery?
Facial artery
90
What branches off the subclavian after the carotid?
vertebral
thyrocervical trunk superiorly
internal thoracic (mammary) artery inferiorly
91
What branches off the thyrocervical trunk?
1. suprascapular artery - lateral
2. transverse cervical - lateral
3. inferior thyroid
4. ascending cervical artery
92
What artery comes off the subclavian AFTER the thyrocervical trunk?
Vertebral artery
93
The nerves of the brachial plexus are named in relation to what structure?
Axillary artery
94
The axillary artery bifurcates into what 2 arteries?
Profundi brachii
Brachial
95
What is the purpose of the obturator foramen?
Allows nerve to exit
96
What is the purpose of the tensor fasciae latae?
helps contract the IT band
97
What is the purpose of the iliotibial tract?
adds support to leg/prevents uncontrolled lateral movements that would damage knee
98
What muscle is preferred for IM injections and why?
Gluteus medius- no cutaneous nerves
99
What muscle is deep to the IT band?
Vastus Lateralis
100
What muscle is medial to the posterior aspect of the vastus lateralis?
biceps femoris short & long head
101
What muscle is medial to the biceps femoris?
Semitendenoses
102
What muscle is DEEP to the semitendenosis?
Semimembranoses
103
What muscle is medial to the tensor fasciae latae muscle?
Vastus Lateralis
104
What muscle is medial on the anterior side of the vastus lateralis?
Rectus femoris
105
What three structures are in the popliteal fossa?
1. popliteal artery
2. popliteal vein
3. tibial nerve
106
what muscle is superior to the piriformis?
gluteus minimus
107
How can the gluteus median and minimus be differentiated?
the nerve should lay on TOP of the minimus
108
what muscle is immediately deep to the semimembranoses?
Adductor magnus
109
What muscle is inferior of the pirrformis?
superior gemellus
110
what muscle is inferior to the superior gemellus?
obturator internus
111
what muscle is inferior of the obturator internus
inferior gemellus
112
What muscle is inferior if the inferior gemellus?
Quadratus femoris
113
What two muscles are in the posterior aspect of the knee?
plantaris and popliteus
114
what are the two branches of the sciatic nerve?
tibial and fibular
115
what is another name for the common fibular nerve?
Peroneal
116
What muscle is on the most medial aspect of the thigh?
Gracilis
117
what are the two heads of the gastrocnemius muscle called?
Medial and lateral
118
What is the longest muscle in the body
Sartorius
119
What is the longest tendon in the body?
plantaris
120
what muscle is deep to the gastrocnemius muscle?
Soleus muscle
121
What artery branches off the subclavian first?
vertebral
122
What is the purpose of the gluteus medius and minimus
to keep the pelvis contracted
123
What nerve innervates the glutes minimus?
Superior gluteal nerve
124
What are three muscles that Pes anserinus?
Gracilis
Sartorius
Semitendenoses
125
What nerve immediately branches off the sciatic?
Posterior femoral cutaneous
126
What is medial to the iliopsoas muscle?
pectineus
127
What is the most palpable area of the hip
Anterior superior iliac spine
128
What are the three sections of the pelvis?
ilium
ischium
pubis
129
What muscle does the phrenic nerve lie on?
Anterior scalene
130
What are the four sections of the iliac crest?
inner lip, intermediate zone, outer zone, tuberculum
131
What nerves runs by the adductor canal
saphenous
132
The brachial plexus is _______ to the anterior scalene
deep
133
What is deep to the rectus femoris
vastus intermedius
134
what is medial to the rectus femoris?
vastus medialis
135
What is the only nerve that supplies the foot that doesn't originate from the sciatic?
saphenous
136
What's an important function of the rectus femoris?
forming the patellar ligament
137
What nerve runs in the adductor canal?
Saphenous
138
What 5 structures are on all vertebrae?
vertebral body
pedicle
transverse process
lamina
spinous process
139
What muscle is medial to the pectineus muscle?
Adductor longus
140
What muscle is medial to the adductor longus?
gracilis
141
what nerve supplied the medial malleolus?
saphenous
142
what are the 5 ankle block nerves?
1. saphenous
2. tibial
3. sural
4. deep peroneal
5. superficial peroneal
143
what structure is deep to the adductor longus?
adductor brevis
144
when the femoral artery and vein exit the ______ they become the _______
adductor hiatus, popliteal
145
What are the roots of the common fibular nerve?
L4, 5, S1, 2
146
What roots make up the tibial nerve?
L4, 5, S1, 2, 3
147
What are the sciatic nerve roots?
L4, 5, S1, 2, 3
148
Which nerve supplied the later aspect of the lower extremity?
Fibular- everything on front of leg
149
What nerve supplies sensation to the plantar surface of the foot?
Tibial
150
What nerve innervates the top of the foot?
superficial fibular
151
the lateral malleolus is supplied by the ______ Nerve
Sural
152
what are the borders of the popliteal fossa?
medial- senitendinosus tendon and membrenosus
lateral- biceps femoris longus and brevis
153
Which genicular nerve block should be avoided?
inferiorlateral- too close to peroneal nerve that supplied foot with motor innervation
154
What are the three acceptable genicular blocks?
medial superior and inferior
lateral superior
155
What does Tom Dick and Harry refer to?
Tibularis
Extensor digitorum
Extensor hollicus
156
The extensor digitorum crosses over and is the most ______ muscle
medial
157
Posterior aspect of lower leg has:
Flexors
158
the sural nerve goes between:
the medial and lateral head of the gastrocnemius
159
popliteal artery splits into:
anterior and posterior tibial
160
What are the branches of the popliteal artery?
posterior tibial
anterior tibial
161
what is the branch of the posterior tibial?
fibular
162
What portion of the meniscus has blood supply?
2/3s
163
The meniscus is a cushion between the _______ and the _____
head of the femur, tibia
164
What is the anterior drawer's sign?
Tibia glides forward due to tear in ACL
165
What causes a posterior drawers sign?
knee hyper extension, PCL, baker's cyst
166
What is the most superficial anterior muscle on the lower aspect of the leg?
Tibialis anterior
167
What is the most lateral muscle of the lower leg?
Fibularis longus
168
What is the retinaculum?
thick fascia that allows (wrist and foot) tendons to be more effective.
169
The deep fibular nerve lies ____ to the retinaculum
deep
170
What nerve innervates the top of the toes?
superficial fibular
171
What is a dermatome?
the area of which a nerve supplies
172
What separates the compartments or the neck?
Fascia
173
What is in the visceral compartment of the neck?
esophagus
trachea
thyroid
174
Platysma muscle is
the wife muscle !!
175
What is the only "floating" bone?
hyoid bone
176
what are the two groups of anterior neck muscles?
suprahyoid
infrahyoid
177
what muscle is immediately deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
omohypid
178
________ and ______ are the two bellies of the omohypid
superior and inferior
179
What is in the middle of the two bellies of the omohypid?
tendinous fascia
180
What are the two attachments of the sternothyroid muscle?
inferior sternum
superior thyroid
181
What two areas does the sternocledomastoid separate?
anterior triangle
posterior triangle
182
Where is
183
What is found on the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle?
carotid sheath
184
What muscle lies immediately medial to the superior belly of the omohyoid muscle?
sternohyoid
185
What muscle is inferior to the sternohyoid?
sternothyroid
186
What is the most superficial suprahyoid muscle?
Digastricus
187
What are the two muscles in the neck that have two bellies?
digastricus and omohyoid
188
what's the "hanger" for the hyoid bone?
fibrous loop of the digastricus
189
if the _______ contracts it pulls the hyoid ______ and ______.
digastric muscle, up and out
190
what is the function of the digastric muscle?
raise the floor of the mouth to aid in chewing
191
what muscle raise the floor of the mouth during chewing?
mylohyoid
192
what muscle is deep to the digastricus muscle?
mylohyoid
193
what muscle is lateral to the superior belly of the omohyoid?
thyrohyoid
194
What muscle is superior to the posterior belly of the digastric muscle?
stylohyoid
195
the mylohyoid attaches to the ______ then has a fibrous attachment to ____
mandible, itself in the middle
196
what muscle gets your food to the back of your throat?
mylohyoid
197
What muscle is deep to the mylohyoid?
geneohyoid
198
anterior jugular veins and superficial to:
sternohyoid muscles
199
External jugular veins are superior to the
sternocleidomastoid muscle
200
what muscle becomes superficial to the internal jugular vein?
omohyoid muscle
201
what are the roots of the musculocutaneous nerve?
C5, 6, 7
202
what are the roots of the axillary nerve?
C 5, 6
203
what are the roots of the radial nerve?
C5, 6, 7, 8, T1
204
What are the roots of the median nerve?
C5, 6, 7, 8, T1
205
What are the roots of the ulnar nerve?
C7, 8, T1
206
What two nerves branch off the superior trunk?
suprascapular
subclavius
207
What muscle is immediately superior to the posterior belly of the digastricus?
stylohyoid
208
What's the largest duct in the body?
left thoracic
209
The posterior scalene is connected to the
second rib
210
the middle and anterior scalenes are connected to the
first rib
211
Which muscle is vital to identifying important structures in the anterior neck
anterior scalene
212
What structure is immediately deep to the anterior scalene
brachial plexus
213
what structure is immediately superficially anterior and inferior to the anterior scalene?
subclavian vein
214
where is the thyrocervical trunk in relation to the anterior scalene?
anterior and medial
215
if blood pressure is too low the baroreceptors:
send impulse to SNS ganglion to increase heart rate
216
If blood pressure is too high, baroreceptors:
send impulse to vagus nerve to decrease heart rate
217
Where is the most common area for plaque to develop?
carotid sinus
218
What causes plaque to develop?
increased pressure causes spinning of blood in vessels which damages the endothelial lining of the vessel, high LDL
219
Where does the internal carotid go?
STRAIGHT to the brain
220
what type of matter is in a ganglion!m?
gray matter
221
What 2 places does the PNS originate from?
cervical
sacrum
222
Where is the sympathetic chain ganglion?
runs down both sides of the spinal cord
223
What are the sympathetic ganglion in the neck?
superior
middle
inferior
224
Which sympathetic cervical ganglion receives information from the carotid sinus?
superior cervical ganglion
225
What two types of cells are abundant in lymph?
monocytes
lymphocytes
226
What is a serious complication of placing a left ij central line?
Cylothorax
227
What roots innervate the musculocutaneous nerve?
C5, 6, 7
228
What roots innervate the medial nerve?
C5, 6, 7, 8, T1
229
What roots innervate the radial nerve?
C5, 6, 7, 8, T1
230
What roots innervate the Axillary nerve?
C5, C6
231
What roots innervate the ulnar nerve
C7, 8, T1
232
What roots make up the sciatic nerve
L4, 5, S1, 2, 3
233
What roots make up the common fibular?
L4, 5, S1, 2
234
What roots make up the tibial nerve?
L4, 5, S1, 2, 3
