Anatomy Final Flashcards
brain, brain sagittal, spinal cord, and eye (214 cards)
1
Q
What is the function of the foramen transversarium?
A
to allow the vertebral artery to exit
2
Q
How many vertebrae are there?
A
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 fused sacral
1-2 coccygeal
3
Q
What is the function of the superior and inferior articulate processes on the vertebrae and what is unique about them
A
stabilize spine; they are true facet joints, lined this goblet cells that secrete synovial fluid that aid in mobility of joint
4
Q
Why are vertebrae shaped/formed differently?
A
allows nerves to exit in different areas of the body
5
Q
What is a frequent cause of low back pain and what block helps relieve this pain?
A
inflammation of facet joint due to motion; quadratus lumborum block
6
Q
What ligament supports/attaches head to spine?
A
Ligamentum nuchae
7
Q
What structure causes there to be resistance immediately after passing needle through the skin during an epidural?
A
supraspinous ligament
8
Q
________ ligament is a continuation of the _________ ligament.
A
supraspinous, nuchea (ligamentum)
9
Q
What is the order of penetration of the 3 ligaments during an epiural?
A
- supraspinous ligament
- interspinous ligament
- ligamentum flavum
10
Q
Which ligament is not commonly “felt” during an epidural placement and why?
A
interspinous ligament (it is so thin the needle will most likely miss it)
11
Q
Which ligament gives a “popping” sensation during epidural placement and why?
A
Ligamentum flavum, because it is thick and fibrinous
also called intertransverse ligament
12
Q
What structures are held together by the ligamentum flavum and what is it’s function?
A
stabilizes spine by connecting/supporting the vertebrae by lamina of inferior/superior vertebrae assists with posture
13
Q
What are the three layers of the meninges and their functions?
outermost first
A
- Dura Mater superficial, fibrinous
tough mother: primarily protective function - Arachnoid Mater middle
similar to saran wrap, close apposition to dura
forms SA space to aid in regulation of CSF, contains vessels - Pia Mater deep
tightly adhered to brain and spinal cord
14
Q
What structure separates the dorsal root from it’s ganglion?
A
They are separated by the dura mater
The dorsal root ganglia (spinal ganglia) are usually located within the intervertebral foramina, immediately outside the points where the nerve roots perforate the dura mater
15
Q
Where is the subarachnoid space, what is in it, and it’s function?
A
It is located between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater, it contains cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and aids in the elimination process of CSF. Vessels are also in this space, cushioned by the CSF to prevent injury to them intelligently designed
16
Q
What layer(s) of the meninges are affected by Spinal Meningitis?
A
ALL 3 layers: pia, arachnoid, and dura
17
Q
How much cerebral spinal fluid is in the body at all times and how much is produced daily?
A
150 cc, 600cc produced daily
18
Q
What structure is tightly adhered to the spinal cord?
A
Pia Mater
19
Q
What is the “tapered point” of the spinal cord called?
A
Conus Medullaris conus = pointed like an ice cream cone
20
Q
Where does the spinal cord end and what occurs to the pia that was covering it?
A
SC terminates around L1-L2 very important
pia collapses on self and continues all the way down to the coccygeal vertebrae does not terminate with spinal cord
21
Q
What is the functional purpose for the pia matter extending to the coccygeal vertebrae?
A
to “anchor” spinal cord in place and prevent vertical movement.
22
Q
What is the pia cord referred to inferior to L1-L2 and what are the two sections of this cord?
A
Filum terminale: differentiation refers to outermost layer of the internal cord
Pial part made of pure pia mater
Dural part occurs after arachnoid mater ends around S1-S3
23
Q
Where does the dura terminate and what causes this to occur?
A
S2, usually but can be anywhere from S1-S3
dura “terminates” due to end of the subarachnoid space (+ lack of CSF). dura then continues down and covers the pia cord = results in the dural part of the filum terminale
24
Q
How many layers are in the final portion of the filum terminale?
A
debatable, some speculate that the arachnoid mater ends around S1-S3 which is what forms the dural part of the filum terminale.
Most correct answer: at least 2 layers, but possibly 3 (AM most likely terminates with arachnoid space, so most likely only 2 layers of meninges in FT)
25
T/F there is nervous tissue in the filum terminale
False, nervous tissue stops when spinal cord ends at at L1-L2
26
What is the order of termination of spinal structures, moving down the spinal cord?
1. Spinal cord @ L1-L2
2. Arachnoid mater @ S1-S3
3. Dura mater & Pia mater @ coccygeal vertebrae point of attachment
4. spine @ end of coccygeal vertebrae
27
The _____ matter in the **spinal cord** is deep to the ______ matter; while in the **brain** the _______ matter is deep to the _______ matter.
SC: gray, white
Brain: white, gray
28
What is the functional purpose of the gray matter being deep in the spinal cord?
it contains neurons that choose what "decision" should be made, then transmits that impulse through the white matter which is made of myelinated axons that speed signal transmission to target tissue
29
The cerebral cortex is made of ______ matter which consists of:
gray matter, cell bodies and dendrites
30
What is in white matter and what is it's purpose?
myelinated nerve fibers called axons.
purpose is to aid in rapid conduction of signals from gray matter
31
Where do pain impulses originate from in the spinal cord?
dorsal horn - then travel up through columns that end in white matter
32
Which spinal cord root has a ganglion and why? What is the function of a ganglion?
dorsal/posterior because it sends sensory impulses
ganglion is gray matter (neurons) outside CNS
33
What are the two types of spinal cord roots?
dorsal/posterior and ventral/anterior
34
What is the important concept to remember when considering Spinal Cord blood supply?
There are multiple blood supplies to the spinal cord
The more superior arteries are more major
*this is why ppl with lower SCI can still have some function*
35
How many anterior and posterior arteries supply blood to the spinal cord?
anterior: 1, arise from the vertebral
posterior: 2, arise from the aorta
36
What is notable about the internal vertebral plexus (venous)?
it's a web-like structure in the extradural fat pad, so it is easy to hit and collapse with a epidural needle
37
if you attempt an epidural and get fluid return, what space are you post likely in?
subarachnoid space, receiving CSF. If left here would be considered a spinal block
38
What is a major side effect of a spinal block?
can block diaphragmatic intervention causing apnea.
39
What is the denticulate ligament and its purpose?
the denticulate ligament is an extension of folded pia mater, it goes between the anterior and posterior roots at attaches to dura mater to secure the spinal cord from moving laterally
40
What space contains CSF and vessels?
subarachnoid space
41
what are the structures passed through when placing an epidural? (begin with skin)
1. Supraspinous Ligament
2. Interspinous Ligament
3. Ligamentum Flava
4. Fat Pad & Venous Plexus (Epidural space)
5. Dura Mater
6. Arachnoid Mater
7. Subarachnoid Space
8. Pia Mater
9. Spinal Cord
42
______ roots are purely somatic sensory, while the ______ roots are purely somatic motor.
dorsal/posterior, ventral/anterior
43
The spinal accessory nerves become ______ nerves when the exit the Dura mater.
Periphrial
44
What is the Cauda Equina?
Peripheral nerves after the spinal cord ends around L1-L2 (tail horse)
45
What two areas of the spinal cord have enlargements?
cervical and lumbosacral (to supply the limbs)
46
How are there a C8 when there are only 7 cervical vertebrae?
because there is a cervical nerve between the head and their first cervical vertebrae
47
After the Spinal Cord ends at ____ the pia mater continues to _______ and what is it called?
L1-L2, the coccygeal vertebrae to terminate. This structure is called the filum terminale
48
The Filum Terminale begins at _____ and is pure _____ mater, then when the arachnoid mater ends at ____ this forms the beginning of the _____ portion of the Filum Terminale.
L1-L2, Pia, S1-S3, Dural
49
The preganglionic nerves of the Sympathetic nervous system are _____, while the postganglionic nerves are _____.
Short, Long
*consider where the ganglion are in relation to the target tissue*
50
The preganglionic nerves of the Parasympathetic nervous system are ______, while the postganglionic nerves are _____.
Long, Short
*consider where the ganglion are in relation to the target tissue*
51
The folding of the dura in the middle of the brain forms a space called _______. While the actual folded dura is called ______.
Superior sagittal sinus, falx cerebri
52
What structures allow CSF to be exchanged into the superior sagittal sinus?
Arachnoid granulations (protrusions of the subarachnoid space)
53
Why is the superior sagittal sinus not considered a vein since veins **AND** CSF dump into it?
Because the space is formed by dura
54
What two things dump into the superior sagittal sinus?
Venous blood and CSF
55
What vein do all the cerebral sinuses end up dumping into?
Internal Jugular Veins
56
How much Cerebral spinal fluid is produced daily and what structures produce it?
600mL daily, produced by the choroid plexus
57
What is the primary factor the drives CSF out of the arachnoid granulations, into the superior sagittal sinus?
Pressure
58
The cerebral arteries and veins are in the ______ space.
Subarachnoid
59
The layer of dura that separates the two halves of the cerebrum is called:
Falx Cerebri
60
The layer of dura that separates the two halves of the cerebellum is called:
Falx Cerebelli
61
The layer of dura that separates the cerebrum cerebellum is called:
Tentorium Cerebelli
62
What is the function of the layers of dura that separate the areas of the brain?
prevents the brain from so freely bumping against the skull
63
What is the diaphragma sellae and its purpose?
it is a continuation of dura that covers the pituitary gland and prevents it from popping out of the sella turcica.
64
What structure does the pituitary gland sit in and what is it covered by?
Sella Turcica (turkish saddle)
Diaphragma Sella
65
The Pons of the brain is responsible for controlling what 3 things?
1. Heart rate
2. Respirations
3. Swallowing
66
What divides the Temporal lobe from the Frontal lobe?
Lateral Sulcus (of Silvia)
67
The raises parts of the brain are called ______, while the ditches between them are ______.
gyri, sulci
68
What is the name of the sulcus that separates the frontal and parietal lobes?
Central sulcus
69
What sulcus separates the parietal and occipital lobe?
Pre-occipital sulcus
70
What structure lies directly under the temporal lobe?
the Insula- this is where a women's intuition originates from
71
What is the only sulcus that extends all the way down?
the Central Sulcus
72
The Precentral gyri is _____ while the postcentral gyri is _____.
motor, sensory
*just like spinal cord roots*
73
The pituitary gland comes off the:
Hypothalamus
74
The thalamus routes messaging of ______ stimuli, while the hypothalamus route messaging of _____ stimuli.
external, internal
75
What is the primary function of the cerebellum?
coordination of movements
76
What is the primary function of the midbrain?
*Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata*
regulates heart rate, respirations and swallowing
77
What is the interthalamic adhesion and its function?
connects right and left thalamus to allow movement of messages between the two halves
78
What is the open space between the right and left thalamus called?
third ventricle
79
How many ventricles are in the brain?
**4**
1. & 2. Right and left Lateral ventricles
3. 3rd ventricle formed by the thalamus
4. 4th ventricle
80
What structure connects the third ventricle to the fouth?
Cerebral Aqueduct
81
What is the purpose of the anterior commissure?
It forms the anterior wall of the third ventricle
82
Which sinus must be entered to do surgery on a pituitary tumor?
Sphenoidial sinus
83
What is the purpose of the posterior commissure?
makes up posterior wall of third ventricle
84
What structure produces Cerebral spinal fluid?
Choroid Plexus (present in all ventricles)
85
What is the function of the ventricles of the brain?
to contain CSF
86
Where is the fourth ventricle?
directly anterior to the cerebellum
87
How many appatures are in the forth ventricle and where does CSF go when it exits?
3: two lateral (right and left) and one median. goes to subarachnoid space to nourish brain and spinal cord
88
What structure moves CSF out of the subarachnoid space?
Arachnoid granulations, is then dumped into the superior sagittal sinus
89
What is the funnel-like structure that extends off the thalamus and connects to the infundibulum of the pituitary gland?
Hypothalamus
90
What is the corpus callosum and its purpose?
it is a structure made of white matter than connects the two hemispheres of the brain, it allows transmission of messages between the two
91
What structure is immediately anterior to the hypothalamus?
Optic chiasm
92
What structure is attached to or is immediately superior to the posterior commissure?
Pineal body
93
What is the function of the Pineal body?
produces melatonin to aid in circadian rhythm and sleep cycle
94
What structures make up the Cerebral aqueduct?
midbrain anteriorly and the tectal plate posteriorly
95
What are the two little humps on the tectal plate called?
superior and inferior colliculus
96
What is the function of the superior and inferior colliculus?
being able to locate the place where sounds occur
such as spatial orientation of sounds
97
What structure is posterior to the hypothalamus?
Cerebral peduncle
98
What structure is inferior to the Cerebral Peduncle?
Pons
99
What structure is inferior to the Pons?
Medulla Oblongata
100
What is the function of the Cerebral Peduncle?
tempers movements to make them smooth and feathered rather than abrupt movements
*also uses cerebellum*
101
What and where is the Mammillary body?
It is a nodule just superior of the Pons, the fornix continues down to form the mammillary body. It is a part of the hippocampus and is associated with memory
102
What shape is the hippocampus and the body of the fornix?
shaped like a horse shoe and turns deep into the brain tissue
103
The Fornix and Mammillary bodies store _____ -term memory while the Hippocampus stores _____-term memory.
Short, Long
104
Which structure in the brain stores long term memory?
Hippocampus
105
Which structure in the brain stores short term memory?
Fornix and mammillary bodies
106
What is the function of the Amygdala and where is it?
It extends off the Hippocampus and manages the flight or fight decision that happens in the brain. Also stores memory and smells.
107
T/F the hypothalamus is technically a part of the third ventricle
TRUE
108
Where is the brain does the cross over between the right and left sides of the brain controlling the opposite side of the body occur?
Decussation of the Pyramids
109
What is the purpose of the interventricular foramen?
allows CSF to drain from lateral ventricles into the third ventricle
110
Where is the median aperture of the fourth ventricle?
It is on the middle of the posterior wall of the fourth ventricle
111
How does CSF exit the ventricles to enter the subarachnoid space to nourish the brain and spinal cord?
exits via the apertures of the fourth ventricle to enter the subarachnoid space
is then filtered out into the superior sagittal sinus via arachnoid granulations
112
What is the full process of CSF from the subarachnoid space to the Internal Jugular vein?
1. Subarachnoid space
2. Arachnoid granulation
3. Superior/Inferior sagittal sinus
4. Straight sinus
5. Confluences of Sinuses
6. Transverse sinus
7. Superior and Inferior Petrosal veins
8. Internal Jugular Vein
113
What is the Uncus of the brain?
A deep, inferior continuation of brain tissue that with trauma can press on and damage the circle of willis and cause ischemic stroke.
114
What is a tract and two examples in the brain?
Nervous tissue that goes from the brain to a mediation point: olfactory (bulb) and optic (chiasm)
115
What is the only part of the hippocampus that can be identified in a midsagittal cross section of the brain?
Fornix
116
Short term memory loss dementia affects the:
Fornix (destruction of the louie bodies)
117
Long term memory loss dementia affects the:
Hippocampus (destruction of the louie bodies)
118
What are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum?
1. Anterior
2. Flocculonodular
3. Posterior
119
Which cerebellar lobe has tonsils?
Posterior
120
How is the flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum any different than the others?
it controls hand-eye coordination rather than just coordination. also ties in vestibular system and memory qualities such as "muscle memory"
121
What is the superior ridge of the cerebellum called and what is it's purpose?
Superior Vermis, transmits messages between the two sides of the cerebellum
122
What is the inferior ridge of the cerebellum called and what is it's purpose?
Inferior Vermis, transmits messages between the two sides of the cerebellum
123
What are the 4 blood sources of that brain?
1. Right Vertebral
2. Left Vertebral
3. Right Internal Carotid
4. Left Internal Carotid
124
The Right and Left Vertebrals come together to form the:
Basilar Artery
125
What is the only branch off the vertebrals?
Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Arteries
126
What is the first branch off the Basilar artery?
Anterior Inferior Cerebellar arteries
127
What is the last branch off the Basilar artery?
Superior Cerebellar artery
128
What arteries does the Basilar artery branch into?
Posterior Cerebral Arteries
129
What arteries do the Posterior Cerebrals tie into?
Posterior Communicating arteries
130
What do the Posterior Communicating arteries tie into?
Middle Cerebral arteries
131
When does the Internal carotid become the middle cerebral artery?
When it gives rise to its first branch: either the posterior communicating (most common) or the anterior cerebral
132
What is the anterior branch off the middle cerebral artery?
Anterior cerebral artery
133
What artery connects the anterior cerebral arteries?
Anterior Communicating artery
134
what cranial nerve has three branches and what are they?
CN V: Trigeminal
V1: Ophthalmic
V2: Maxillary
V3: Mandibular
135
Which CN is in the dural fold above the maxilla?
Trochlear (CNIV)
136
Which cranial nerve had a tiny branch and comes out of the same formen as the Vestibulocochlear nerve?
Facial (CNVII)
137
What are the 3 Cranial Nerves that come out of the same formen?
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)
Spinal Accessory (XI)
138
Cranial Nerve Functions:
1. Olfactory: *sensory*
2. Optic: *sensory*
3. Oculomotor: *motor*
4. Trochlear: *motor*
5. Trigeminal: *motor & sensory*
6. Abducens: *motor*
7. Facial: *motor & sensory*
8. Vestibulocochlear: *sensory*
9. Glossopharyngeal: *motor & sensory*
10. Vagus: *motor & sensory*
11. Spinal Accessory: *motor*
12. Hypoglossal: *motor*
139
What is the function of the Olfactory nerve?
sensory, smell
140
What is the function of the Optic nerve?
sensory, sight
141
What are the functions of the Oculomotor, abducens, and trochlear nerves?
motor, eye movement
142
What is the function of the Trigeminal nerve?
sensory of face, sinuses, mouth, and dura
Motor of muscle movement
143
What is the function of the Facial nerve?
motor of facial muscles and sensory of glands and taste
144
What is the function of the Vestibulocochlear nerve?
sensory, hearing
145
What is the function of the Glossopharyngeal nerve?
sensory taste, motor parotid gland
146
What is the function of the Vagus nerve?
Sensory heart, lungs, bronchi, larynx, gi tract, motor heart, lungs, palate, trachea, etc.
147
What is the function of the Spinal accessory nerve?
Motor, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius
148
What is the function of the Hypoglossal nerve?
Motor, tongue muscles
149
What is the function of the precentral cortex?
Motor/movement
150
What is the function of the Frontal lobe?
Judgement, foresight, and voluntary movement
151
What is the function of Broca's area?
Usually on left side, involved in speech
152
What is the function of the Temporal lobe?
Intellectual and emotional functions
153
What is the function of the inferior frontal lobe?
Smell
154
What is the function of the postcentral cortex?
Sensory, pain, sensations
155
What is the function of the Parietal lobe?
Comprehension of language
156
What is the function of the Temporal lobe?
Hearing
157
What is the function of the Occipital lobe?
Visual
158
What is the function of the Cerebellum?
Coordination
159
What is the function of Wernicke's area?
Speech comprehension
160
Which lobe of the brain is considered the executive lobe?
Frontal
161
Which lobe of the brain maintains visual memories?
Temporal
162
Which sinus is superior to the nose?
Frontal sinus
163
Which sinus is immediately deep to the nose?
Sphenoidal sinus
164
Which sinus is lateral to the nose?
Maxillary sinus
165
What structure is posterior to the sphenoidal sinus?
Sella turcica
166
What is the name of the thickened tissue posterior to the nose and superior of the auditory canal opening?
Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
167
What is the name of the opening in the nasopharynx just below the adenoids?
Auditory canal
168
Where are the palantine tonsils?
Immediately posterior to the tongue
169
What is the difference between the true and false vocal cords?
the first cord is technically the false or vestibular cord while the second one is the true, vocal cord
170
T/F there is a posterior aspect to the thyroid cartilage
False
171
T/F there is no posterior aspect to the cricoid cartilage
False, the posterior is actually thicker than the anterior
172
Where are the conchae/turbinates in relation to the nasal septum?
Lateral/under
1. Superior
2. Middle
3. Inferior
173
Which nasal meatus is preferred for an NG tube?
Middle meatus
174
What is the bulb of tissue under the middle conchae?
Ethmoid Bulla
175
What are the three structures under the middle conchae?
1. Ethmoid Bulla
2. Semilunar Hiatus
3. Opening of the Maxillary Sinus
176
What conchae is the Ethmoid Bulla under?
Middle
177
Where does the Frontal sinus empty?
the Middle Meatus
178
Where does the Sphenoid sinus empty?
the Superior Meatus
179
What is the one and only opening in the inferior meatus?
Opening of the nasolacrimal duct
180
Where does the nasolacrimal duct empty?
Into the Inferior Meatus
181
What is the medial area of the eye where tears gather called?
Medial Canthus
*Pupta are the 2 tiny holes where tears enter the nasolacrimal duct*
182
Where is the lacrimal gland in relation to the eye?
Superior and lateral
183
Which 2 sinuses drain into the middle meatus?
1. Maxillary
2. Frontal
184
What is the larger arytenoid tubercle called?
Cuneiform Tubercle
185
What is the smaller, more medial arytenoid tubercle called?
Corniculate Tubercle
186
What is the notch between the arytenoids called?
Interarytenoid notch
187
What structure must be pulled down/back to see the arytenoids?
Epiglottis
188
Which cartilage is thicker: thyroid or crycoid?
Crycoid
189
What is the membrane between the thyroid and cricoid cartilage called?
Median cricothyroid ligament/membrane
190
What is the pouch inferior of the tongue but superior to the epiglottis called?
Vallecula
191
What is the laryngeal ventricle?
The area between the true and false cords
192
What is the name of the muscle that raises the eyelid?
Levator Palpebrae Superioris
193
What muscle is immediately inferior to the Levator Palpebrae Superioris?
Superior Rectus
194
How many eye muscles are there?
7: 1 weird, 2 oblique, 4 rectus
1. Levator Palpebrae Superioris
2. Superior Oblique
3. Inferior Oblique
4. Superior Rectus
5. Inferior Rectus
6. Lateral Rectus
7. Medial Rectus
195
Which eye muscle goes through the trochlear?
Superior Oblique
196
Which eye muscle is innervated by the trochlear nerve?
Superior Oblique
197
Which eye muscle is innervated by the abducens nerve?
Lateral Rectus
198
Other than the abducens and trochlear, what are the other 2 cranial nerves that influence eye movement?
Ophthalmic and oculomotor
199
What is the outermost anterior portion of the eye?
Cornea
200
What is true about the cornea regarding blood and nerve supply?
highly concentrated in nerves, poorly supplied with blood vessles
201
Where are the anterior and posterior chambers in relation to the iris?
anterior chamber is anterior to the iris, while the posterior chamber is posterior
202
What structure is immediately posterior to the Posterior chamber?
Lens of the eye
203
What structure is immediately posterior to the Cornea?
Anterior chamber
204
Where are the bands of muscle that constrict and dilate the pupil?
In the iris
205
The muscles in the iris that run around it cause _____ while the muscles that up and down the iris cause ______.
Constriction- small pupil (constrict) PNS
Dilation- large pupil (dilate) SNS
206
What is the purpose of the scleral venous sinus?
fluid drains out here, pressure increases when glaucoma develops (narrow angle), cannot get atropine- makes the angle even more narrow, to increase pressure even more
207
What is the ideal intraocular pressure?
12-15mmHg
208
What is the lens of the eye made of?
Lenticular fibers and zonial fibers (change shape of lens to allow focus)
209
Fibrous of _______ fibers causes cataracts.
Lenticular, lack of focus
210
What is the Fovea Centralis?
The point where all the light focuses, highly concentrated with nerve endings for visual preception
211
Where is the optic nerve in relation to the Fovea Centralis?
Superior
212
What are the three layers of the eyeball?
(innermost first)
1. Retina (transparent)
2. Choroid (black)
3. Sclera
213
What is in the Retina?
Rods 100 million: low light visual acuity
Cones 6-8 million high intensity light and color
214
What is the difference in the fluids in the chambers of the eye?
Anterior and Posterior chambers have the same water-like substance, while the Postremal Chamber contains a thick jelly-like substance
