Anatomy Exam 2 Flashcards
(355 cards)
1
Q
What are the three attachment points of the Pectoralis major?
A
humerus, sternum, clavicle
2
Q
What is the subclavius muscle attached to?
A
Clavicle
3
Q
What muscle gives the subclavian artery and vein their name?
A
Subclavius
4
Q
What artery runs through the subclavius muscle?
A
Suprascapular (branch off the thyrocervical trunk), crosses to the anterior superior aspect
5
Q
What structure is deep to the clavicle?
A
Subclavius (and suprascapular artery, as it runs through the subclavius)
6
Q
What type of nerve block assists with the pain associated with broken ribs?
A
Anterior serratus block
7
Q
Involvement of which lymph nodes indicates more advanced breast cancer?
A
Parasternal nodes
8
Q
What type of blood cells are in lymph nodes?
A
lymphocytes and monocytes
9
Q
What vessel do the axillary lymph nodes wrap around?
A
Axillary vein (easy metastasis)
10
Q
How many pairs of ribs are there?
A
12 pairs:
7 true ribs
3 false ribs
2 floating ribs
11
Q
Why is the sternal angle (angle of lewis) important?
A
Great landmark
12
Q
What structures can be identified using the sternal angle landmark?
A
Rib (2)
Aortic arch (beginning and end)
Tracheal Bifurcation
Pulmonary trunk bifurcation
Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
Azygos
Nerves: cardiac plexus
Thoracic duct
13
Q
What occurs if the balloon of the cuff of an ET tube is overfilled with air?
A
pressure injury (necrosis) to left recurrent laryngeal nerve
14
Q
What is the difference between the left recurrent laryngeal and the right recurrent laryngeal nerves?
A
Right is simply a branch of the vagus whereas the left is inferior to the aortic arch and posterior to ligamentum arteriosum
15
Q
What is the most common presentation of bronchogenic carcinoma?
A
Chronic hoarseness due to location of lf recurrent laryngeal and mediastinal lymph nodes
16
Q
Where does the azygos vein drain into?
A
Superior vena cava
17
Q
What structures drain into the right atrium?
A
Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary arteries
18
Q
What does the thoracic duct drain lymph from?
A
feet, legs, abdomen
19
Q
Where does the thoracic duct dump into the venous system?
A
Where the LIJ comes off the left subclavian
20
Q
What is the largest lymph vessel in the body?
A
Thoracic duct
21
Q
What is a concern when placing a left IJ central line?
A
Chylothorax
22
Q
Why is the right thoracic duct less significant that the left?
A
It is only draining lymph from the right arm and right side of face
23
Q
Where is the sternal angle in relation to the spine?
A
right between T4 and T5
24
Q
What are the muscles between the ribs called?
A
external and internal intercostals
25
Which intercostal muscles run like putting your hands in your pockets?
Externals
26
Which intercostal muscles are there two sets of?
Internals
27
What are the two sets of internal intercostal muscles called?
internals and innermost
28
What is the function for having two sets of internal intercostal musclses?
they seperate the artery, vein, and nerve
29
What is the function of the wing of the rib?
to protect the important structures: artery, vein, and nerve
30
Which intercostal muscles are responsible for inspiration?
externals
31
Which intercostal muscles are responsible for exhalation?
internals
32
What is the function of the subcostal and transversus thoracis muscles?
aid in exhalation
33
Where does the internal thoracic/mammary artery arise from?
subclavian
34
What is the first inferior branch off the subclavian?
internal thoracic/mammary artery
35
What artery is lateral to the sternum?
internal thoracic/mammary artery
36
Where do the anterior intercostal arteries originate from?
internal thoracic/mammary artery
37
Where do the posterior intercostal arteries originate from?
Aorta
38
What does the internal thoracic/mammary artery split into?
Superior epigastric and musculophrenic
39
Which artery supplies the diaphram?
Musculophrenic
40
When does the anterior intercostal artery become the posterior?
about midrib
41
Where does the lung tissue blood supply come from?
Right lung: third posterior intercostal artery
Left lung: a branch from the aorta
42
Where does the deoxygenated blood from the lung tissue go?
pulmonary vein (which causes there to be a small amount of deoxygenated blood in the systemic circulation)
43
Is there oxygen in venous blood?
about 50%
44
Where does the anterior intercostal vein dump blood into?
azygos system
45
What are the two divisions of the azygos on the left side?
Accessory hemiazygos (superior) and hemiazygos (inferior)
46
What drains blood for the superior portion of the left lung?
accessory hemiazygos
47
What drains blood for the inferior portion of the left lung?
hemiazygos
48
What is the cisterna chyli?
reservoir for lymph
49
Are there an anterior and posterior intercostal nerve?
no, because they only have one source, the spinal cord
50
Where is the anterior cutaneous branch nerve?
lateral to the sternum
51
Which intercostal nerve will be blocked during an anterior serratus block?
lateral cutaneous branch
52
What is the lining of the thoracic cavity called?
parietal pleura
53
What is the covering on the lung tissue called?
Visceral pleura
54
What is the space between the parietal and visceral pleuras called?
pleural cavity
55
What should the pressure in the pleural cavity be?
negative (-5-10mmHg)
56
What is the movement of the sternum, diaphragm, and ribs during inspiration?
up and out, diaphragm down to increase size of pleural cavity
57
What is a natural process, inspiration or expiration?
expiration
58
What prevents atelectasis in the lung?
surfactant
59
What is lost in the lung tissue of patients with emphysema?
recoil of alveoli
60
How many lobes are in the right lung?
3:
superior
middle
inferior
61
How many lobes are in the left lung?
2
superior
inferior
62
What fissure is present in the left lung?
Oblique
63
What fissure separates the superior and middle lung lobes?
Horizontal
64
What is the central spot in the lung called?
Hilum
65
What are are three things in the hilum of the lung?
Bronchus
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
66
How can the bronchus be differentiated from other structures in the hilum?
It is cartlaginous
67
What does RALS tell us?
Where the pulmonary artery is located in relation to the bronchus
Right: Anterior
Left: Superior
68
What does the costal surface of the ribs refer to?
against the anterior portion of the ribs
69
Where are the apex and base of the lung in relation to the rest of the lung?
Apex: superior
Base: inferior
70
What does the left lung have that the right lung doesnt?
Lingula of the inferior lobe
71
What fissure separates the middle and inferior lobes of the right lung?
Oblique
72
Which primary bronchus is larger and straighter, left or right?
Right
73
Which lung does pneumonia normally occur in and why?
Right, its larger and straighter
AND the right branches earlier than the left
74
What two areas do the parasympathetic nervous system originate from?
Cervical and sacral spinal cord
75
What is the name of the area where the trachea splits into the right and left bronchus?
Carina
76
Why is the carina loaded with nerve receptors?
to initiate cough reflex
77
What are the nerve roots of the phrenic nerve? What does it inervate?
C3, 4, 5
Diaphram
78
What runs with the phrenic nerve?
Pericardiophrenic artery and vein
79
What is the originating point of the pericardial sac?
Oblique pericardial sinus
80
What is the purpose of the transverse pericardial sinus?
good to cross clamp for bypass
81
What is the most anterior great vessel?
Pulmonary artery
82
What is the most posterior & lateral great vessel?
Aorta
83
Where does the left atrium sit?
The posterior aspect of the heart
84
Where do the pulmonary veins go?
left atrium
85
How many pulmonary veins are there?
3-5
86
Where is the coronary sinus?
Posterior venous structure where all the venous coronary veins empty
87
What does the coronary sinus empty in?
right atrium
88
What coronary artery is posterior to the pulmonary trunk?
Left coronary artery
89
What are the two branches of the Left coronary artery?
Left anterior descending (LAD)
Circumflex
90
What are the two branches of the Right coronary artery?
Marginal
Posterior interventricular/descending artery (PDA)
91
What does the obtuse marginal branch off?
Circumflex
92
What is the most important thing about the coronary arteries?
They receive blood supply during diastole
93
Which valves are semilunar valves?
Aortic and Pulmonic (true cusp valves)
94
What prevents the coronary arteries from receiving blood flow during systole?
The cusps on the aortic valve
95
T/F the AV valves are cup valves
FALSE- they are leaflet valves, you cannot totally differentiate the areas other than free wall vs septal areas
96
In what percent of the population does the circumflex supply blood to the PDA and what is that called?
10-30%, left dominance, covers 80% of heart rather than 2/3s
97
Where do most coronary artery blockages occur?
LAD
98
What vein runs with the LAD?
Great cardiac vein
99
What vein runs with the PDA?
Middle cardiac vein
100
What vein runs with the RCA/marginal?
Small cardiac vein
101
What vein runs off the lateral surface of the coronary sinus?
Small cardiac vein
102
What lines the right atrium and the LAA?
Pectinate muscles
103
T/F there are two valves entering the right atrium
TRUE: inferior vena cava valve and coronary sinus valve
104
Which semilunar valve has an anterior cusp?
Pulmonic
105
Which semilunar valve has a posterior cusp?
Aortic
106
Which valve connects the right atrium to the right ventricle?
Tricuspid (anterior, posterior, septal leaflets)
107
Which valve connects the left atrium to the left ventricle?
Mitral (anterior and posterior leaflets)
108
What is the function of chordae tendineae?
Prevent valve from prolapsing into atrium
109
What muscles line the ventricles?
Trabeculae carneae
110
What are the functions of Trabeculae carneae?
1. create turbulence prevent stagnant blood
2. prevents ventricles from sticking together
3. aids in contraction
111
What atrioventricular valve has a septal leaflet?
Tricuspid
112
What is the purpose of the placenta?
to transfer oxygen and nutrients into the baby's blood, baby has its OWN blood
113
What percent of fetal blood flow (nutrient rich, coming from placenta) bypasses the fetal liver?
60%
114
What structure in fetal circulation allows some of the blood to bypass the fetal liver?
Ductus Venosus -> inferior vena cava
115
What structure in the fetal heart allows blood to bypass the heart?
Foramen Ovale
116
Where does the venous blood from the fetus' head go?
Superior vena cava -> right atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonary artery -> Ductus arteriosus -> aorta
117
Fetal blood circulation:
Placenta, umbilical cord, ductus venosus, foramen ovale, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, body
118
What structure allows blood flow from the fetal pulmonary artery to go into systemic circulation via the aorta?
Ductus arteriosus
119
What occurs if the baby's ductus venosus does not close?
Hepatoportal shunts which causes hepatic encephalopathy
120
What three things occur when you take your first breath?
1. Foramen ovale -> fossa ovale
2. Ductus venosus -> ligamentum venosus
3. Ductus arteriosus -> ligamentum arteriosus
121
What occurs when the ventricles contract?
the AV valves close and the semilunar valves open
122
Which valves close during diastole?
Semilunar valves
123
What causes S1 and S2 heart sounds?
closure/blood catching in valves
124
Where does the sympathetic nervous system innervation come from?
Sympathetic chain ganglion
125
What nerve supplies sympathetic innervation to the heart?
branches from the superior, middle, and inferior ganglion send branches to create the cardiac plexus
126
What is the cisterna chyli?
A lymph reservoir in the thoracic cavity
127
What is the first branch off the sympathetic chain ganglion?
Greater splanchnic
128
Where does the greater splanchnic branch off the sympathetic chain ganglion?
T5
129
What branches off the greater splanchnic and when?
Lesser splanchnic, at T9-10
130
What branches off the lesser splanchnic nerve and when?
Least splanchnic, at the diaphram
131
What is the function of the splanchnic nerves?
Visceral/organ sympathetic nerve innervation
132
What is the function of the gray and white rami?
Link between the ganglion and the peripheral intercostal nerves
Connect the sympathetic nervous system to the peripheral nerve
133
Which lung lobe is most susceptible to developing pneumonia?
Right inferior lobe
134
What is the name of the white band of fascia that covers the abdomen?
Aponeurosis of the external oblique
135
What is the name of the midline abdominal line called?
Linea alba
136
What is the technical name for the "6-pack"
Rectus abdominis
137
What are the three bands of muscles that support the abdomen?
1. external oblique
2. internal oblique
3. transversus abdominis
138
How do the fibers of the external oblique run?
from the costovertebral junction to toward the pubis- like hands in pockets
139
Why is the inguinal ligament important?
thick band of demarcation, valuable landmark for blocks
140
When does the femoral nerve begin to branch?
When it passes under then the inguinal ligament
141
What is the ASIS?
Anterior superior illiac spine
142
What is the linea alba?
it is the midline area where the superficial and deep fascia surrounding the the abdominal muscles comes together
143
How many layers of fascia are in the abdomen?
there is a layer on the superficial and deep aspect of each muscle. there are four groups so that means there are a total of eight layers
144
Why are midline abdominal incisions preferred?
there are no blood vessels, so it decreases blood loss.
is also very strong and increases strength of scar
145
How does the linea alba receive nutrition since there are no blood vessels present?
Osmosis
146
T/F the external inguinal ring is more prevalent in females
False, more prevalent in males due to the need of the testicle to descend through this area
147
How do the fibers of the internal oblique run?
extend off the wing of the ilium toward the xiphoid process
148
How do the fibers of the transverse abdominis run?
comes off the thoracolumbar fascia and wraps around to the linea alba, so horizontally
149
What abdominal block in useful for lower back pain?
Quadratus lumborum block
150
What nerves are included in a Quadratus lumborum block?
1. Lateral cutaneous (L2, L3)
2. Genitofemoral (L1, L2)
3. Subcostal (T12)
4. Iliohypogastric (L1)
151
How can the Quadratus lumborum be found?
abdominal ultrasound, identify the three muscles, should be directly behind where the transverse abdominis connects to the thoracolumbar fascia
152
What structures does the linea alba connect to?
xiphoid process and pubis
153
What is the mesentary?
Fatty tissue that is bound to the intestines to supply with blood, veins, and lymphatics
154
Where does the mesentery originate from?
the parietal peritoneum surrounding the abdominal cavity comes together in the base of the floor above the vertebrae connects together and wraps around the intestines and becomes visceral peritoneum
155
What's the difference between parietal and visceral peritoneum?
parietal surrounds the abdominal cavity then comes together to form the mesentery the surrounds the intestine which THEN becomes the visceral peritoneum
156
What differentiates the parietal and visceral peritoneum from each other?
the fidunculation where the peritoneum comes together
157
Why cant the intestines simply fall out?
they are technically attached to the posterior aspect of the abdominal cavity via the mesentery.
158
Where does the greater omentum originate from?
The greater curvature of the stomach (lower part) and the transverse colon
159
Where are the abdominal nerves in relation to the abdominal muscles?
they are deep to the internal oblique and superficial to the transverse abdominis
160
What are the roots of the abdominal nerves?
T10-L2
161
Is a bowel ileus normally global or segmental?
Segmental
162
What occurs in the bowel that causes diarrhea?
Lack of peristalsis, "hollow pipe"
163
What occurs to the omentum during a bowel ileus?
The intestines with peristalsis work the mesentery to the ileus segment to increase blood flow and lymphatic to promote healing
164
In the setting of infectious peritonitis, what is usually done with the greater omentum?
it is very difficult to fully clean so it is frequently removed
If abdomen is clean it remains and is wrapped around injury
165
What is the lesser omentum connected to?
lesser curvature of the stomach and liver
166
The vessels that supply the lesser curvature of the stomach are referred to as:
left and right gastric
167
The vessels that supply the greater curvature of the stomach are referred to as:
left and right gastro-omental
168
T/F the lesser omentum lays pendulously like the greater omentum
FALSE, it is a tight band
169
What organ(s) are retroperitoneal?
Kidneys
170
What structure lays on top of the intestines like an apron?
The greater omentum
171
If an artery goes to the right side of the lesser curvature of the stomach it is called:
Right Gastric
172
If an artery goes to the left side of the lesser curvature of the stomach it is called:
Left Gastric
173
If an artery goes to the right side of the greater curvature of the stomach it is called:
Right gastro-omental
174
If an artery goes to the left side of the greater curvature of the stomach it is called:
Left gastro-omental
175
What area of the stomach do the short gastric arteries supply?
The fundus of the stomach (the tip, not the curvature)
176
What is the most identifiable artery in the abdomen and why?
Splenic artery- coiled like a snake (only one in the body)
177
What structure is the splenic artery adhered to?
Pancreas
178
What is the name of the curve where the esophagus connects to the fundus of the stomach?
Cardial notch
179
What is the name of the portion of the stomach where the esophagus enters?
Cardia
180
What 4 structures are distal to the body of the stomach?
Pyloric antrum -> Pyloric canal -> Pyloric sphincter -> duodenum
181
What are the four sections of the duodenum?
1. Superior
2. Descending
3. Inferior
4. Ascending
182
What part of the intestine is partially retroperitoneal?
duodenum and large intestine
183
What does the ascending part of the duodenum become?
Jejunum
184
T/F duodenum has messentary
False because it is partially retroperitoneal
185
How can the duodenum and the jejunum be differentiated?
The jejunum has mesentery while the duodenum does not due to being partially retroperitoneal.
186
When does the duodenum become jejunum?
When it picks up mesentery
187
What are the three abdominal branches off the aorta?
1. Celiac trunk
2. Superior mesenteric
3. Inferior mesenteric
188
How many branches come off the celiac trunk?
Sixteen
189
What are the first 3 branches off the celiac trunk?
1. Left gastric
2. Splenic
3. Common hepatic
190
When does the common hepatic become the proper hepatic artery?
after it gives rise to the gastroduodenal
191
What structure sits in the loop that is formed by the pyloric antrum and the duodenum?
Head of the pancreas
192
What are the branches of the gastroduodenal artery?
1. Supraduodenal
2. Posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal
3. Anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal
4. Right gastro-omental
193
What is the first inferior branch off the common hepatic artery?
Gastroduodenal
194
What does the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal supply blood to?
head of the pancreas and the duodenum
195
After giving rise to the posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal, the gastroduodenal splits into:
1. Anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal
2. Right gastro-omental
196
The anterior superior pancreaticoduodenal artery loops around and becomes the:
anterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal
197
What two pancreaticoduodenal arteries arise from the superior mesenteric artery?
1. Posterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal
2. Anterior inferior pancreaticoduodenal
198
What structures are included in the Foregut?
Esophagus
Stomach
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Spleen
Top of the Duodenum
199
What structures are in the Midgut?
Mid-duodenum
Small intestines
Ascending colon
most of Transverse colon
200
What artery supplies the Foregut?
Celiac trunk
201
What artery supplies the Midgut?
Superior mesentery
202
What structures are in the Hindgut?
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
203
What artery supplies the Hindgut?
Inferior mesentery
204
What is the name of the arteries that branch off the superior mesentery and supply the small intestine?
jejunal or ileal arteries
205
The Jejunal or ileal arteries come together to form rounding segments called (& what are their purpose):
jejunal or ileal arcades
they allow collateral blood flow during peristalsis
206
What is the name of the straight vessels that branch off the arterial arcades to supply blood to the intestine?
Vasa recta
207
Which section of small intestine has longer vasa recta?
Jejunum
208
How many feet of jejunum are there?
18-22 feet
209
What is the only situation where the arterial arcades are not sufficient to provide blood flow to the intestine?
complete torsion, intussusception, or strangulation as these block off multiple groups of arterial arcades
210
Where does the ilium enter the large intestine?
Cecum
211
What part of the colon is the appendix attached to?
Cecum
212
What is contained in the appendix?
a large number of bacteria and lymphatics
213
What are the three things the large intestine is responsible for?
1. absorbing water and electrolytes
2. absorbing vitamins (B and K)
3. uses bacteria to break down things that the digestive enzymes cannot
214
T/F there are no digestive enzymes in the colon
true, they are primarily present in the jeujunum
215
Where in the GI tract is the majority of water reabsorbed?
Small intestine and jejunum
216
The right colic flexure is also known as:
Hepatic
217
Full large intestine:
Cecum -> ascending colon -> right colic (Hepatic) flexure -> transverse colon ->left colic (Splenic) flexure -> descending colon -> sigmoid colon -> rectum -> anal canal
218
The left colic flexure is also known as:
Splenic
219
What are taeniae coli?
They are smooth muscle bands that bring the tissue of the colon to form pouches that aid in stool formation
220
That are Haustra of the colon?
Little pouches formed by taeniae coli
221
What is the name of the structure inside the cecum that prevents the backflow of fecal content into the illium?
Ileo-cecal folds (similar to a valve)
222
What is the actual function of the appendix?
reload the intestine with bacteria
223
What bony structure protects the cecum?
The wing of the right ilium
224
T/F the colon is fully retroperitoneal
False; only partially retroperitoneal
not free floating
225
Where do the jejunal arteries arise from?
superior mesenteric artery
226
What are the three large arteries that branch off the superior mesenteric artery?
1. Middle colic artery
2. Right colic artery
3. Ileocolic artery
227
What is the most inferior branch of the superior mesenteric artery?
Ileocolic
228
What are the three branches of the Ileocolic artery?
1. Anterior cecal
2. Posterior cecal
3. Apendicular artery
229
What artery supplies blood to the transverse colon?
Middle colic artery
230
What artery supplies blood to the ascending colon?
Right colic artery
231
What are the 3 branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?
1. Left colic artery
2. Sigmoid arteries (3)
3. Superior rectal artery
232
What artery supplies the descending colon?
left colic artery
233
What artery supplies the sigmoid colon?
the sigmoid branches off the inferior mesenteric artery
234
Where are the marginal arteries and what is their purpose?
They work similarly to the arcades in the small intestine.
235
Marginal arteries of the intestine are a branch off the:
Left colic
236
What is the function of the falciform ligament?
Adheres the liver to the diaphragm to prevent movement
237
what was the round ligament originally?
Umbilical cord
238
What structure separates the right and left lobes of the liver?
round ligament
239
What are the four lobes of the liver?
1. left lobe
2. right lobe
3. quadrate lobe (anterior)
4. caudate lobe (posterior)
240
What are the three parts of the gallbladder?
1. fundus
2. neck
3. body
241
Where does the arterial blood flow to the liver originate from?
Celiac trunk
242
Where does the right gastric arise from and when?
Normally comes off the proper hepatic after the common hepatic gives rise to the gastroduodenal. Can also come off before then- focus on where it goes.
243
What are the two branches of the proper hepatic?
Right and left hepatic
244
What artery does the cystic artery branch off?
Right hepatic
245
What is the one branch of the right hepatic artery?
Cystic artery
246
What is the first branch off the gastroduodenal?
supraduodenal
247
What is the name of the opening that allows secretion of digestive enzymes into the duodenum?
Major duodenal papilla
248
What two things together create gallstones?
Salt and Cholesterol (80-90% ppl with stones develop pancreatitis due to the bile duct blocking the outflow tract of the pancreas)
249
What is the area of the cystic duct and the pancreatic duct called?
Hepatopancreatic ampulla
250
How does bile aid in digestion?
by emulsifying fats
251
What occurs to the bile if you eat something that doesnt contain fat?
the sphincter will be closed and it will be returned to be stored in the gallbladder
252
What are the three digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas?
1. amylase
2. lipase
3. triptosyn
253
What is a major complication of an ERCP?
pancreatitis
254
What does the spleen contain?
RBCs: megakaryocytes (also plays a role in immune system)
255
What three structures are in the renal hilum?
1. Renal artery
2. Renal vein
3. Renal pelvis
256
Describe the kidney from the outermost layer to the urethra.
Renal capsule -> Renal cortex -> Renal medulla/pyramid/column -> Renal papilla -> minor calyx -> Major calyx -> Renal pelvis -> Ureter -> Bladder -> urethra
257
Where are the glomeruli of the kidney?
Renal cortex
258
What is the renal papilla?
The area where all the glomeruli come together
259
What structure is at the pole of the kidney?
Adrenal gland
260
What is special about the kidneys?
they are fully retroperitoneal
they are also encased in fat to protect and allow mobility
261
What part of the urinary tract is full of nerve endings?
Ureter
262
What is special about the bladder?
The detrusor muscle has fibers crossing in many different directions that aids in contraction to move all the urine to the neck of the bladder to be expelled
263
What are two valves in the bladder called?
Trigone of the bladder (contraction causes the valves to be blocked off to prevent backflow of urine into ureters)
264
Why are UTIs more common in females than males?
1. length of urethra
2. men have an internal and external sphincter, while women only have external
265
Distal to the branch of the inferior mesenteric artery, what occurs to the aorta?
branches into the left and right common iliac arteries
266
What muscle runs parallel to the abdominal aorta bilaterally?
Psoas muscle
267
What is the name of the muscle that lines the ilium of the pelvis?
Iliacus
268
What two abdominal muscles come together?
Iliopsoas
269
T/F there is an iliopsoas major and minor?
TRUE
270
What are the branches of the portal vein?
1. Splenic
2. Superior mesenteric vein
271
What are the two venous systems of the abdomen and what are the differences?
1. Portal system (returns blood from stomach, spleen, intestines to liver for detoxify blood from food we eat)
2. Cava system (returns blood to IVC for circulation)
272
What structures are drained by the Cava venous system?
feet, legs, kidneys, reproductive glands
273
What occurs after the blood from the GI tract goes into the portal vein?
It goes to the hepatic veins that eventually dump into the superior vena cava
274
Where are the three areas that cava and portal venous systems are connected and why?
1. Esophagus
2. Umbilicus
3. Rectum
Pressure relief mechanism
275
What vessel is the dilated esophageal varices in the setting of portal hypertension
Azygos vein branches around the esophagus
276
What three things occur in the setting of portal hypertension due to the communication between the two abdominal venous systems?
1. esophageal varices
2. Captus medusa (umbilical veins)
3. hemorrhoids
277
What is the ganglion impar?
Where the two sides of the sympathetic chain ganglion come together at the coccygeal vertebrae
278
Which abdominal nerve is immediately superficial to the psoas muscle?
Genitofemoral (L1,L2)
279
T/F abdominal vena cava runs down the middle of the abdomen
False, it runs down the right side
280
Which renal vein is longer, left or right?
Left because it has to cross over the aorta
281
What can become a problem concerning the left renal vein?
It runs under the superior mesenteric artery so blood can back up into the kidney and the left testicle *nutcracker syndrome*
282
Where does the left testicular/ovarian vein return blood to?
Left renal vein, while the right one returns to the vena cava
283
Which 3 abdominal nerves have L1 roots?
1. Iliohypogastric
2. Ilio-inguinal
3. Genitofemoral
284
Which 4 abdominal nerves have L2 roots?
1. Genitofemoral
2. Lateral cutaneous
3. Femoral
4. Obturator
285
Functionally what is the difference between the Ilio-inguinal and the Genitofemoral nerves?
The genitofemoral also has branches that supply the head of the femur
286
Which three abdominal nerves have branches that feed the head of the femur and which can be blocked?
1. Genitofemoral (block)
2. Lateral cutaneous (block
3. Obturator (dont block, motor and sensory function)
287
Why does 40% of fetal blood from the placenta have to go through the liver?
to provide oxygen to it
288
What causes the ducus in the fetal circulation to close?
The pressure change that occurs when the baby takes their first breath
289
The breast tissue is mostly made up of:
Fatty tissue
290
There is a very small difference between a mammary gland and a:
sweat gland
291
How is the breast attached to the chest?
Small fibrous attachments, but no ligamentous attachments
292
What two areas does the lymph from breast tissue drain to?
Parasternal and axillary nodes
293
How much of the breast tissue is glandular?
1/3
294
What's the difference between the pelvis in a male and female?
Male: more circular pelvic canal
Female: Wider wings of ilium, more oval pelvic canal
295
What are the three parts of the pelvis?
1. Wing of the ilium
2. Ichium
3. Pubis
296
What is the difference between the pubic symphysis in males and females?
Pubic symphysis is much thicker in men
297
What two things cause differentiation in sex during embryonic development?
Chromosomes and hormones
298
What three genital areas are present in both genders before differentiation?
1. Glans
2. Genital folds
3. Anal tubercle
299
What are the accessory sex glands that are similar in both male and female?
Male: Seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands, and prostate
Female: Paraurethral gland, greater vestibular gland,
300
What female accessory sex gland is the same are the seminal vesicles in the male?
mesonephric tubules
301
What female accessory sex gland is the same are the prostate in the male?
paraurethral glands
302
What is the function of the mesonephric tubules?
attach ovary to the the fallopian tube
303
What does the prostate produce?
Prostate specific antigen and fructose (to supplement sperm), also lysosomes and antibodies
304
What female gland produces similar fluid to the prostate?
Paraurethral gland (contains PSA and fructose)
305
What is the function of the female greater vestibular glands?
produce a slimy fluid/lubricant
306
What are the structures inside the penis?
1. Corpus cavernosa
2. Corpus spongiosum (+ urethra)
307
What penile tissue allows an erection to occur?
Corpus cavernosa
308
T/F a female has a Corpus cavernosa
true
309
Why do the cervical folds interlock?
to protect baby during gestation
310
Where is the egg dropped during ovulation?
Technically, the abdominal cavity. The fimbriae of the uterine tube "swim" the egg into the tube
311
Where does fertilization of the egg actually occur?
The ampulla of the uterine tube
312
What structures are in the suspensory ligaments in the female?
Ovarian artery and vein (also holds the ovary to the inferior abdomen)
313
Where do the testicles go after formation?
Through the internal inguinal ring and external ring
314
What is the mesometrium and what are the two divisions?
broad ligament in the female that hold everything in place
1. Mesovarium (holds ovary and uterus to body wall)
2. Mesosalpinx (holds uterine tube to ovary)
315
What is the name of the pocket formed as the cervix extended into the vagina?
vaginal fornix
316
What is the purpose of the ligament of the ovary?
attach the ovary to the uterus
317
What does the suspensory ligament attach?
ovary to body wall
318
What occurs when estrogen levels peak?
They stimulate follicle stimulating hormone
319
What does follicle stimulating hormone do?
stimulates the ovaries to produce follicles
320
How many eggs die per cycle?
about 1,000
321
What does follicle stimulating hormone stimulate?
Luteinizing hormone
322
What is the purpose of luteinizing hormone?
causes the follicle to rupture, fluid flushes it out
323
What are the three divisions of the uterine tube?
Infundibulum, ampulla, and isthmus
324
What causes the release of hGg hormone?
fertilized egg attachment in the uterine tube
325
What is typically true regarding estrogen and progesterone?
inversely related
326
What hormones are produced from the anterior pituitary?
FSH and LH
327
What triggers the anterior pituitary to release FSH and/or LH?
estrogen
328
What is the best endometrial phase for an egg?
secondary phase
329
What hormone maintains pregnancy and where does it come from?
progesterone, corpus luteum until pregnancy is more mature
330
What occurs once the follicle ruptures?
it releases the egg, then fills with blood and fibrin- is then called a corpus luteum.
331
What hormone does the corpus luteum secrete?
progesterone, until HcG is produced then the uterus produces progesterone
332
What is the purpose in progesterone?
causes muscle relaxation
333
What is the purpose of the acrosomal cap on the sperm?
allows sperm to penetrate egg with proteolytic enzymes, protects DNA, assists in temperature regulation
334
What structure does the male urethra go through?
prostate
335
What is the purpose of the pampiniform (venous) plexus?
decrease the temperature of the arterial blood going to the testicle to preserve function of spermatogenesis
336
What 3 structures are in the spermatic cord?
1. Vas (ductus) deferens
2. Testicular artery
3. Testicular vein
337
What temperature do the testicles need to maintain for spermatogenesis?
2-3 degrees less than body temperature
338
What is the purpose of the cremaster muscle?
constricts/relaxes in response to temperature to control testicular temp
339
What is the lining of the scrotum called?
Tunica Albuginea
340
What is the purpose of the epididymis of the testicle?
storage for sperm and provide acrosomal cap
341
What part of the testicle produces sperm?
Seminiferous tubule
342
How much seminiferous tubules are in each testicle?
1-2 miles
343
What is the path of the sperm through the testicle?
Seminiferous tubule -> straight tubule -> Rete testis -> efferent ductules -> head of the epididymis -> body of the epididymis -> tail of the epididymis -> ductus (vas) deferens
344
When does the sperm get the acrosomal cap?
in the epididymis
345
What is the sperm able to return into the body through the vas deferens?
because it receives an acrosomal cap in the epididymis
346
How many sperm are ejaculated at a time?
20-100 million sperm
347
What male accessory sex gland provides 40-60% of the liquid needed for ejaculation?
seminal vesicle
348
How does the sperm move up the vas deferans?
peristalsis
349
What is contained in seminal vesicle fluid?
fructose, lysosomes, and antibodies to protect the sperm
350
What is the purpose for the bulbourethral gland?
produce pre-ejaculate to prepare the urethra/increase pH to prevent killing sperm ALSO neutralizes the vaginal pH
351
What structure dilates when a male is sexually aroused?
The arteries entering the corpus cavernosum, constricts the veins- causes blood to pool, increases pressure
352
What occurs to the blood vessels when ejactulation occurs?
the veins are dilated and the arteries are constricted, losses errection
353
What nervous system is activated for an erection to occur?
Parasympathetic (point)
354
What nervous system is activated for ejaculation to occur?
Sympathetic (shoot)
355
What are the roots of the lumbar plexus?
T12-L4
