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J Cardio > Anatomy (first year - ignore) > Flashcards

Anatomy (first year - ignore) Flashcards

1
Q

Where would you palpate the apex beat?

A

5th intercostal space, midclavicular line

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2
Q

what are the 3 layers of the pericardium, from outermost to innermost?

A

fibrous pericardium, parietal serous pericardium, visceral serous pericardium

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3
Q

what are the 3 layers of the heart muscle, from outermost to innermost?

A

epicardium (same as visceral serous pericardium), myocardium (thickest), endocardium (thin)

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4
Q

what is the purpose of the myocardium?

A

responsible for heart contraction

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5
Q

which layer of the pericardium provides most protection?

A

fibrous pericardium, thickest

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6
Q

in between which two layers of the pericardium is the pericardial sac?

A

the parietal serous pericardium and the visceral serous pericardium

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7
Q

what is it called when the pericardial sac fills with blood?

A

haemopericardium

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8
Q

what can cause a haemopericardium?

A

trauma or ruptured cardiac chamber after an MI

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9
Q

what procedure is used to treat a haemopericardium?

A

pericardiocentesis

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10
Q

where is the needle inserted in a pericardiocentesis?

A

infrasternal angle, aimed superiorposteriorly or in the 5th intercoastal space

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11
Q

what is a haemopericardium commonly known as?

A

cardiac tamponade

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12
Q

where is the transverse pericardial sinus and in what operation is it useful?

A

posterior to the pulmonary trunk and the aorta and anterior to the vena cava, used in cardiopulmonary bypass

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13
Q

what is the atrioventricular septum split up into?

A

the interatrial septum and the interventricular septum

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14
Q

what can an atrial/ventricular septal defect lead to?

A

mixing of arterial and venous blood = hypoxaemia

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15
Q

what border does the right atrium account for?

A

right border

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16
Q

which chamber accounts for the left border?

A

left ventricle

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17
Q

which chamber of the heart makes up the apex?`

A

left ventricle

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18
Q

another name for the anterior surface is the…

A

sternocostal border

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19
Q

another name for the posterior surface is the…

A

base

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20
Q

another name for the inferior surface is the…

A

diaphragmatic surface

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21
Q

what is the purpose of the fibrous skeleton?

A

it anchors the heart valves

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22
Q

what are fibrous annuli?

A

rings that surround the heart valves, part of the fibrous skeleton

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23
Q

which arteries branch off the ascending aorta?

A

right and left coronary arteries

24
Q

which arteries branch off the aortic arch?

A

brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery

25
Q

what are the branches of the left coronary artery?

A

circumflex artery, left anterior descending (LAD) artery, left marginal artery and the lateral branch

26
Q

what are the branches of the right coronary artery?

A

right marginal artery and the posterior intraventricular artery

27
Q

what are the 4 chambers of the heart (in order of how they carry out the cardiac cycle)?

A

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

28
Q

what are the internal feature of the right atrium?

A

it has 3 openings (IVC, SVC and coronary sinus), there is a oval fossa in the middle, then smooth tissue, then rough tissue round the outside (muscular bands of the auricle)

29
Q

what is the boundary between the atrium and the auricle called?

A

the crista terminalis

30
Q

which valves have 3 cusps?

A

aortic, pulmonary, tricuspid

31
Q

which valves have 2 cusps?

A

mitral/bicuspid

32
Q

which valves are semilunar?

A

aortic and pulmonary

33
Q

which valves are leaflet in design?

A

mitral/bicuspid and tricuspid

34
Q

the closure of which valves accounts for the first heart sound ‘lub’?

A

mitral/bicuspid and tricuspid

35
Q

the closure of which valves accounts for the second heart sound ‘dub’?

A

aortic and pulmonary

36
Q

where would you auscultate for the aortic valve?

A

2nd right intercostal space next to sternum

37
Q

where would you auscultate for the pulmonary valve?

A

2nd left intercostal space next to sternum

38
Q

where would you auscultate for the tricuspid valve?

A

4th left intercostal space next to sternum

39
Q

where would you auscultate for the bicuspid/mitral valve?

A

5th intercostal space midclavicular line

40
Q

where would you palpate for the apex beat?

A

5th intercostal space midclavicular line

41
Q

what is the most inferior/lateral part of the heart?

A

the apex

42
Q

what condition may cause the apex beat to shift more laterally/superiorly?

A

cardiomegaly (cardiac enlargement)

43
Q

what are auricles?

A

an extension of the atrium

44
Q

what is the purpose of the azygous vein?

A

takes blood back from the intercostal spaces to the heart

45
Q

is there a connection between the left and right coronary arteries?

A

yes

46
Q

what is the coronary sinus?

A

a short vein (that all the coronary veins drain into) that returns deoxygenated blood from the myocardium to the right atrium

47
Q

where does the coronary sinus sit?

A

in the atrioventricular groove

48
Q

what is a moderator band?

A

carries spread of electrical activity to the cusps of the valves

49
Q

what kind of chambers are the atria?

A

collecting chambers

50
Q

what kind of chambers are the ventricles?

A

pumping chambers

51
Q

what is the purpose of valves?

A

to maintain unidirectional flow

52
Q

what is the septomarginal trabecula also known as?

A

moderator band

53
Q

what is the phrenic nerve made up of?

A

paired peripheral fibres from the anterior rami of C3, 4 and 5

54
Q

where is the phrenic nerve in relation to the heart?

A

descends on the lateral border of the pericardium

55
Q

what does diastole consist of (in terms of where in the heart is the blood)?

A

blood returns to RA via the vena cava and returns to the LA vie the pulmonary veins

56
Q

what are the 2 mechanisms of draining blood from the atria to the ventricles?

A

drainage (80% of blood) and atrial contraction (remaining 20% of blood)

J Cardio (4 decks)

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