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J Cardio > Science > Flashcards

Science Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

which coronary artery supplies most of the heart

A

LAD (left anterior descending)

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2
Q

what coronary artery comes form the left stem and goes round the back of the heart

A

circumflex

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3
Q

which coronary artery supplies the left heart border and branches off the left stem

A

left marginal artery

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4
Q

which coronary artery comes from the right coronary and travels between the ventricles on the back of the heart

A

posterior interventricular artery

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5
Q

what is the first branch of the aorta

what does it branch into

A

brachiocephalic trunk

right subclavian and right common carotid

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6
Q

what is the second branch of the aorta

what does it branch into

A

left common carotid

branches into internal and external carotids

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7
Q

what is the third branch of the aorta

A

left subclavian

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8
Q

what arteries come off of the subclavians superiorly

A

right and left vertebral arteries

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9
Q

which sphlanchnic nerves do the sympathetic fibres do the heart travel along

A

cardiopulmonary sphlanchnic nerves C1-T5

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10
Q

what is the last thing to drain into the SVC before it drains into the right atrium

A

azygous vein

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11
Q

what are the 2 things that drain together to form the SVC

A

right and left brachiocephalic veins

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12
Q

what vessels supply the myocardium and epicardium

A

coronary arteries

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13
Q

where does the right recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve hook under

A

right subclavian artery

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14
Q

where does the left recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus nerve hook under

A

arch of the aorta

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15
Q

which node of the heart does the heart beat originate

where is it

A

SA node

above the right atrium

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16
Q

what is afterload

A

the resistance that the heart needs to pump into

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17
Q

what is preload

A

how much the ventricular walls stretch before contraction

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18
Q

is it systole/diastole or diastole/systole

A

systole/diastole

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19
Q

mean arterial pressure calculation

A

(diastole + diastole + systole) divided by 3

2 diastoles bc its the smaller one

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20
Q

short term regulation of BP (1)

A

baroreceptors

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21
Q

long term regulation of BP (3)

A

ANP
RAAS
ADH

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22
Q

sympathetic affect on the heart

A

positive chronotrope

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23
Q

parasympathetic affect on the heart

A

negative chronotrope

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24
Q

which one, HDL or LDL, is the ‘bad’ cholesterol that increases your CVD risk

A

LDL

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25
first line drug for high LDL cholesterol
statins
26
what does a beta2 agonist (eg adrenaline, dobutamine) | do
vasodilation of coronary arteries and vasoconstriction of other arteries = increased blood to heart
27
side effects on non selective beta1 and beta2 antagonists (3) what can you use to combat this (for treatment of arrhythmia, angina etc where you want to decrease heart rate)
bronchospasm cold peripheries hypoglycaemia cardioselective beta1 antagonist (eg atenolol)
28
what does a beta1 antagonist (eg atenolol) do
decrease heart rate (bc stimulation of beta1 = increases heart rate)
29
what does a m2 antagonist (eg digoxin, atropine) do
increase heart rate (bc stimulation of m2 = decreases heart rate
30
what does nitric oxide (eg GTN spray) do to the blood vessels
vasodilation
31
which peptide is most significant in vasoconstriction
endothelin 1
32
what do ACE inhibitors do
block conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II = no aldosterone (no RAAS) = salt excretion = decreased bp (also vasodilation to decrease bp)
33
side effect of ACE inhibitors what do you do if this happens
cough change to ARB
34
when are ACE inhibitors and ARBs contraindicated (2)
pregnancy | bilateral renal artery stenosis
35
what do CCBs do (eg verapamil, amlodipine)
block Ca channels = decrease muscle contraction = decrease HR and force of contraction
36
what are diuretics used for in CVD how do they work
hypertension increase water excretion form kidney = decrease bp
37
what type of drug is warfarin what does warfarin block what does this cause
anticoag blocks production of FII and FX = blocks coagulation cascade
38
what type of drug is heparin what does heparin block the production of what is preferred over heparin apart form in renal failure
anticoag FXa = blocks coagulation cascade LMWHs
39
what type of drug is aspirin what does it block
antiplatelet COX
40
alternative to aspirin in aspirin intolerant patients (GI bleeding and ulceration)
clopidogrel (ticagelor)
41
side effect of digoxin (4)
yellow vision bradycardia headache hyperkalaemia
42
what does digoxin do what is it used in
blocks AV conduction AF
43
scoring system for cardiovascular risk factors
ASSIGN
44
which limb is 'earthed' in an ECG
right leg
45
which lead is between left arm and left leg in ECG
lead III | bc La-LL
46
which lead is between right arm and left arm in ECG
lead I | bc ra-La
47
which lead is between right arm and left leg in ECG
lead II | bc ra-LL
48
where does aVF augmented lead come from in ECG
left leg (bc f = foot)
49
where does aVL augmented lead come from in ECG
left arm (bc l = left arm)
50
where does aVR augmented lead come from in ECG
right arm (bc r = right arm)
51
P wave what is it how long is normal
atrial depolarisation <0.12s
52
QRS complex what is it how long is normal
atrial repolarisation and ventricular depolarisation 0.04-0.12s
53
T phase what is it should it be positive or negative normally
ventricular repolarisation positive
54
PR interval what is it how long is normal
AV node delay 0.12-0.2s
55
'sawtooth baseline' on ECG
atrial flutter
56
irregularly irregular ECG
atrial fibrillation
57
ST elevation in; II, III, aVF
inferior MI
58
ST elevation in; V1-V4
anteroseptal MI
59
ST elevation in; I, aVL, V1-V6
anterolateral MI
60
ST elevation in; I, aVL
high lateral MI
61
ST elevation in; V5-V6
lateral MI
62
ST elevation in; V1-V3
posterior MI
63
if V leads/chest leads are involved in ST elevation, where is the MI (generally)
anterior

J Cardio (4 decks)

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