Anatomy Lab Practical 1 Flashcards by Destiny Chijioke

What are the 3 different types of blood cells?

Erythrocytes (Red blood cells)
Leukocytes (White blood cells)
Thrombocytes (Blood platelets)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Provide oxygen transport and removal of carbon dioxide waste from the interstitial fluid that surrounds the cells

Erythrocytes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Defends the body from bacteria, viruses, and
other pathogens

Leukocytes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Form clots to prevent blood loss when the blood vessel walls are torn

Thrombocytes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Abnormal levels of erythrocytes cause …

Polycythemia and anemia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Abnormal levels of leukocytes cause …

Neutropenia, Leukemia, Severe infection

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Abnormal levels of Thrombocytes cause …

Hemophilia (little/no clotting) or undesirable clotting (Thromboembolic disorders)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The percent volume of blood that is made up of only erythrocytes

Hematocrit

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A molecule that is packed into red blood cells, responsible for binding and carrying oxygen to the body’s tissues, and removing carbon dioxide
waste from them

Hemoglobin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Receives lymph from the lower body, the left upper
extremity, and the left head and thorax which drains
into the blood at the left subclavian vein

Thoracic Duct

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the process of flow of DEOXYGENATED BLOOD in the heart?

1) Deoxygenated blood enters the heart through the superior and inferior vena cava
2) It enters the right atrium
3) It will move down to the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve
4) Once it enters the right ventricle, it will be pumped up to the pulmonary artery through the pulmonary semilunar valve
5) Once it is pumped up to the pulmonary artery, it will go to the lungs to become oxygenated

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the process of flow of OXYGENATED BLOOD in the heart?

1) It will enter through the pulmonary veins
2) It will go to the left atrium
3) It will make its way down to the left ventricle through the mitral (Bicuspid) valve
4) Once it enters the left ventricle, it will be pumped up to the aorta and go through the aortic semilunar valve

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When sitting on a table, what happens to blood pressure and pulse rate?

Blood pressure increases due to the gravity causing blood to settle within the legs. The heart has to work faster to increase circulation, thus raising blood pressure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When going from lying down to standing up position…
- What is the medical term for this? How does the body correct this?

There will be a slight decrease in blood pressure
- Orthostatic hypotension
- The body corrects this by slightly increasing blood pressure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Blood pressure will (1)…. IMMEDIATELY after
standing up from a lying down position and then quickly correct itself by …(2) the blood pressure in the moments after

1) Decrease
2) Increase

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Blood pressure and pulse rate (1)…. when going from standing for 3 minutes to jogging in place for 5 minutes. This is due to (2)… because (3) …

1) Increases
2) Increased cardiac output
3) More blood needs to be pumped by the heart to meet oxygen requirements

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When submerging a body part under cold water, there is an (1) …. in blood pressure and a (2)… in pulse rate. This is because of the … (2)

What occurs?

1) Increase
2) Decrease
3)Cold pressor effect

Vasoconstriction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When the subject takes their face out of the water, pulse rate will (1).. and blood pressure will (2)…

1) Increase
2) Decrease

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

While underwater, TPR will (1)… due to (2)…

1) Increase
2) Vasoconstriction

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When releasing pressure from the proximal aspect of the vein…

The vein will not refill with blood since there is pressure being applied by the finger on the distal aspect of the vein.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When releasing pressure from the distal aspect of the vein…

The vein will refill with blood

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

For the veins in the hand, there is … from … to …. since the blood ….

Unidirectional flow of blood from the distal to the proximal, since it is returning to the heart

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

When diving, the heart rate will…
- What term describes this
- What nerve plays a role in this

Slow down
- Bradycardia
- Trigeminal nerve

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

After the subject removes their face from the cold water pulse rate would be (1) … and blood pressure would be (2)…

This change occurs due to …

(1) Pulse rate would be increased
(2) Blood pressure would be decreased

Vasoconstriction, which leads to increased peripheral resistance and stroke volume

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The lower the index of fitness... - What is the general trend for results of this test?

The poorer physical condition. - The higher the number, the better physical condition you are in. The lower the number, the lower physical condition you are in

Tuttle-Pulse Ratio Test If the number of steps is above the “established norms”...

Then the subject needs to take more steps to reach the 2.5 ratio

If the number of steps is below the “established norms”...

then the subject needs to take less steps to reach the 2.5 ratio

What are the established norms for the Tuttle-Pulse Ratio Test?

Male: 29 steps Female: 25 steps

What are some transport functions of blood

- Delivering oxygen and nutrients (glucose, amino acids) to body tissue cells - Disposal of waste products (co2, nitrogenous waste) - Transporting hormones to various parts of the body to regulate organ function

What are some more functions of blood?

- Preventing infection - Acid-base balance - Blood-clotting to prevent blood loss

Collections of cells at the site of damage

Clot

Which type of blood cell is considered a true cell

Luekocyte

Why are erythrocytes and thrombocytes not considered true cells?

They have no nucleus and do not mitotically divide

The production of hundreds of billions of new blood cells every day; constantly produces **new blood cells**

Hematopoiesis

What are the normal blood cell values for erythrocytes in males and females

males : 5.4 +- 0.8 mm^3 (46) females: 4.8 +- 0.6 mm^3 (42)

What are the normal blood cell values of leukocytes for males and females?

Males: 7-9000 per mm^3 Females: 5-9000 per mm^3

What is the normal blood cell value for thrombocytes? What is the average?

150,000 to 400,000 per mm^3 Average: 300,000 per mm^3

Molecule responsible for binding and carrying oxygen to the body tissue cells and to help remove carbon dioxide from the body tissue.

Hemoglobin

How much mL of O2 can erythrocytes carry? What does this mean?

1.34 ml O2 - This means that 20 ml of oxygen is carried in every 100 ml of blood.

An abnormally high number of red blood cells

Polycythemia

An abnormal decrease in erythrocyte number

Anemia

Shortage in oxygen delivery to the body tissue cells

Anemic hypoxia

A chemical blood sample and hematocrit tubes are often treated with a chemical that prevents the formation of clots that would otherwise make the process difficult

Heparin

Regulates erythrocyte production - What is it produced by?

Erythropoietin - Produced by the kidneys

What are the average and range values of male hematocrit?

Average: 46% Range: 43-49%

What are the average and range values of female hematocrit?

Average: 41% Range: 36-45%

Males typically have higher hematocrit percentages due to the influence of ... on the production of erythropoietin

Testosterone

What is the formula for calculating hematocrit?

Height of red cells (mm)/ height of red cells and plasma (mm) x 100

What are the average and range values of hemoglobin in males?

Average: 15.4 g Hb/100ml blood Range: 13.6 to 17.2 g Hb/100 ml blood

What are the average and range values of hemoglobin in females?

Average: 13.3 g Hb/100 ml blood Range: 11.5 to 15.0 g Hb/100 ml blood

Individuals who are considered anemic have blood hemoglobin at..

10 g Hb/100 ml blood

Major health issues related to anemia are usually not seen until the blood hemoglobin drops to...

7.5 g Hb/100 ml blood

Chemical used to measure blood hemoglobin levels

Potassium cyanide (KCN)

Colored compound that hemoglobin produces when exposed to KCN

Cyanmetheoglobin

Why do you use a blank tube before inserting your actual sample tube in a spectrophotometer?

To ensure that it is reading 100% transmittance

What is the formula for total blood Hb (g)

Blood volume (ml blood) x hemoglobin concentration (g Hb/ml blood)

What is the formula for total O2 carrying capacity?

(Total g Hb) x (1.34 ml O2/g Hb)

What is the blood volume for males?

79 ml blood per kilogram body +- 10%

What is the blood volume for females?

65 ml blood per kilogram body weight +- 10%

What are the 3 types of granulocytes

Nuetrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

65% of total WBC in humans Multi-lobed nucleus 10-12 microns diameter Small pink cytoplasmic granules Purple nucleus

Neutrophils

2-4% of total WBC in humans 13 microns diameter Bilobed nucleus Coarse red-orange cytoplasmic granules Blue-purple nucleus

Eosinophils

0.5% of total WBC in humans 14 microns in diameter Bilobed nucleus Black nucleus is usually completely obscured by large, deep-blue or reddish-purple cytoplasmic granules

Basophils

What are the three types of Agranulocytes?

Small lymphocytes, large lymphocytes, monocytes

20-25% of total WBC in humans 7 microns diameter Very large, spherical nucleus surrounded by a thin cytoplasm Light blue cytoplasm, dark purple nucleus

Small lymphocytes

3% of total WBC in humans 10 microns diameter Large oval, indented nucleus Light blue cytoplasm (nongranular), dark purple nucleus

Large Lymphocytes

3-7% of total WBC in humans 15 microns in diameter Large, deeply indented nucleus (horseshoe-shaped) Light blue-gray cytoplasm (nongranular), blue or purple nucleus

Monocytes

Abnormally low number of neutrophils

Neutropenia

Caused by: genetics (inherited condition), chemotherapy, malnutrition, aplastic anemia

Neutropenia

Abnormally high number of neutrophils

Neutrophilic leukocytosis

Caused by severe burn, stressful situations, and chronic inflammation

Neutrophilic leukocytosis

Abnormally high number of lymphocytes

Lymphocytosis

Caused by physical/emotional stress and fighting illness/ infection

Lymphocytosis

Abnormally low number of lymphocytes in the blood

Lymphocytopenia

Caused by systemic lupus, viral infection, and zinc deficiency

Lymphocytopenia

Abnormally high number of eosinophils

Eosinophilia

Caused by parasitic infection, allergies, inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, genetics (inherited condition)

Eosinophilia

Abnormally high number of monocytes

Monocytosis

Caused by tuberculosis, chronic inflammation, heart attack, smoking

Monocytosis

The normal total leukocyte count is..

4,500 - 11,000 WBC's per microliter of blood

carry deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta

umbilical arteries

carries oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus

umbilical veins

carries blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta

ductus arteriosus

a flap-covered hole between the right and left atria

foramen ovale

blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs

pulmonary circulation

blood vessels that carry blood to and from all other body tissues

Systemic circulation

Blood that is oxygen-rich and carried by arteries away from the heart

Oxygenated Blood

Blood that is oxygen-poor and carried from the veins back to the heart

Deoxygenated blood

Blood that is carried towards the heart

Venous blood

Blood that is pumped away from the heart

Arterial blood

The method of listening to and studying heart sounds during heart activity

Auscultation

A medical instrument with ear pieces connected to tubes attached to a small, disc-shaped resonator that is placed against the chest and used to listen to heart sounds

Stethoscope

One of the most common conditions diagnosed by auscultation

Heart murmurs

Typically called the "lub" sound of the heart - Heard during systole - Closing of the AV valves (tricuspid and mitral)

1st Heart sound (S1)

Typically called the "dub" sound of the heart - Heard during systole - Closing of the SL Valves (aortic and pulmonary)

2nd Heart Sound (S2)

- Occurs during diastole - Lower pitched sound that is produced by vibrations of the ventricle walls as they rapidly fill with blood

3rd Heart Sound (S3)

- Occurs during diastole - Low-intensity sound heard as the atria contract to push blood down into the ventricles

4th Heart Sound (S4)

The four areas where sounds from each valve can be heard most clearly

Auscultatory areas

Pressure created by the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as your heart pumps blood into the blood vessels.

Blood pressure

Pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are contracting - What is it an important indicator of? - What are its values?

- Systolic pressure Important indicator of the force of contraction of the heart (90-120 mm Hg)

Pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are relaxed - What is it an important indicator of? - What are its values?

Diastolic pressure - Important indicator of the condition of systemic blood vessels (60-80 mm Hg)

The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures indicates the force of blood pushing through the vessel - What is the value?

Pulse Pressure - 40 mm Hg

The average blood pressure during a cardiac cycle - What are its values

Mean arterial pressure (MAP) (70-100 mm Hg)

How to calculate MAP

diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure OR cardiac output (ml blood/min) X total peripheral resistance (TPR units)

Formula for cardiac output

CO= Stroke volume (ml blood/beat) x Heart rate (beats/min)

As vessel diameter decreases...

Peripheral resistance increases

As blood viscosity increases...

Resistance increases

An increase in either cardiac output or resistance will...

cause an increase in blood pressure

A pressure cuff used in the indirect method that is applied to the artery externally - What method is this?

Sphygmomanometer - Auscultatory method

- Indirect method of blood pressure that involves palpating the pulse as pressure is applied to an artery with a sphygmomanometer

Palpatory method

The artery is mainly used to measure blood pressure

Brachial artery

Artery used to determine systolic pressure in the palpatory method - Can diastolic pressure be measured?

Radial artery - Diastolic pressure cannot be measured

When using a sphygmomanometer (a pressure cuff)....

never leave the cuff inflated on a person's arm for more than 1 minute

A series of sounds resulting from turbulence in blood vessels

Korotkoff sounds

A sharp tapping or thudding sound which increases in intensity over the next 10 mm Hg drop in pressure - Indicates systolic pressure

Phase 1 Korotkoff

The distinct abrupt muffling of sounds - Become soft, reduced in intensity "First diastolic reading"

Phase 4 Korotkoff

All sounds disappear. Absence of sound is considered the "second diastolic reading" - Usually recorded as diastolic pressure

Phase 5 Korotkoff

If blood pressure is being taken on one arm...

The pulse rate should be taken on the opposite arm

The amount of force affecting resistance to blood flow through the circulatory system

Total peripheral resistance

The vasoconstriction of blood vessels causes...

An increase in total peripheral resistance

Vasodilation of blood vessels causes...

a decrease in total peripheral resistance

TPR formula

TPR = Mean arterial pressure (mm Hg) / Cardiac output (ml blood/min)

TPRest equation

TPRest = Systolic pressure + (2x diastolic pressure)/3 / pulse pressure x heart rate

When temperature decreases...

systolic and diastolic blood pressure increase

High blood pressure

Hypertension

A problem caused by low pressure in the veins where blood is not effectively returned to the heart at a desirable rate

Venous insufficiency

While underwater, marine mammals experience a...

decrease in metabolic rate

A noticeable slowing of the heart rate while submerged underwater

Diving bradycardia

A **decrease in blood vessel** diameter to non-vital parts of the body when underwater

Peripheral vasoconstriction

What does diving bradycardia and peripheral vasoconstriction result in?

Overall reduction of circulation to all parts of the body except certain vital body organs/tissues such as the brain and heart

The receptor responsible for diving bradycardia is found in..

the nose

A measure of cardiovascular health and endurance. Tests the general capacity of the body to cope with increased physical work and the ability to recover from it

Harvard Step Test

Formula for the Index of Physical Fitness

Index of Physical fitness = Duration of exercise (seconds) x 100/ 2x (sum of 3 pulse counts in recovery)

A test used to measure the ratio of a person's resting pulse rate to their pulse rate after exercise

Tuttle-Pulse Ratio Test

Anatomy Lab Practical 1 Flashcards

(134 cards)