Anatomy Lab Quiz 7

Question 1

What are the chief regulators of the internal environment of the body?

Answer 1

The kidneys

Question 2

The kidneys achieve homeostasis by…

Answer 2

Regulating the pH and concentration of ions and water in the various body fluids

Question 3

The kidneys provide for the…

Answer 3

elimination of waste products of metabolism

Question 4

How many nephrons are in the kidneys?

Answer 4

1 million

Question 5

What 2 structures do nephrons have?

Answer 5

Renal corpuscle
Renal tubule

Question 6

As blood passes through the kidneys, it is first filtered through…

Answer 6

a tuft of capillaries in the renal corpuscle called the glomerulus

Question 7

A tuft of capillaries in the renal corpuscle

Answer 7

Glomerulus

Question 8

What is the rate of the glomerulus?

Answer 8

120ml/min

Question 9

After blood is filtered in the glomerulus…

Answer 9

the filtrate passes into the renal tubule

Question 10

What are the 3 parts of the renal tubule?

Answer 10

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
the nephron loop (Loop of Henle)
distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

Question 11

On average, our kidneys filter our entire blood volume through the nephrons
approximately…

Answer 11

Once every 30 minutes

Question 12

Large molecules of over 70,000 MW

Answer 12

Plasma proteins

Question 13

What is similar to blood plasma in composition?

Answer 13

Filtrate

Question 14

The tubular… (1) is … (2) to blood plasma in composition except that .. (3)

Answer 14

1. Filtrate
2. Similar
3. Large molecules over 70,000 MW are
   excluded

Question 15

As the filtrate passes along the proximal and distal tubules.. what happens?

Answer 15

Water is reabsorbed and sodium and potassium are actively or passively reabsorbed back into the bloodstream

Question 16

What is an example of a toxic by-product of metabolism and excess substances?

What happens to these?

Answer 16

Salt

• These are retained in the filtrate and are excreted in urine

Question 17

What volume of urine is formed per minute?

Answer 17

1 ml urine/minute

Question 18

The final composition of urine is…
What does this reflect?

Answer 18

different from glomerular filtrate.

reflects the integrity of kidney function and changes in blood composition

Question 19

An analysis of urine
- What does this yield?

Answer 19

Urinalysis
- Yields valuable information about the health of the kidney and of the body in
general

Question 20

Individuals with this condition are genetically unable to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine

Answer 20

phenylketonuria

Question 21

Where is phenylalanine commonly found? What happens if it accumulates in the body?

Answer 21

• Found in food and beverage products
• If accumulated in the body, it is converted to phenylpyruvic acid which appears in the urine

Question 22

An accumulation of phenylalanine in individuals with PKU can result in…

Answer 22

developmental delays
seizures
intellectual impairments

Question 23

An imbalance or a deficit in
the amount of insulin produced by the pancreas

Answer 23

Diabetes mellitus

Question 24

Fatty acid metabolites that the body uses when sugars in the blood cannot be used as cellular fuel

Answer 24

Ketones

Question 25

An increase in ketones causes blood pH to...

Answer 25

Decrease

Question 26

What 2 things are indicative of diabetes mellitus?

Answer 26

- The presence of both glucose and ketones in the urine - Low urine pH

Question 27

A combined test of urinary pH, protein, glucose, ketones, and occult blood

Answer 27

Labstix test

Question 28

What is the normal pH of urine? Protein? Glucose? Ketones? Occult Blood?

Answer 28

6 Protein- None of trace Glucose, Ketones, Occult blood = None

Question 29

The pH of urine may be more (2)... with a (3) ...

Answer 29

1. Acidic 2. Diet rich in proteins

Question 30

Acidic pH also results from what 3 things?

Answer 30

Respiratory disorders Dehydration Starvation

Question 31

Alkaline urine results from what 4 things?

Answer 31

A diet rich in citrus fruits and dairy Vomiting Urinary tract infections Cystitis

Question 32

Urine decomposes in the bladder with the production of ammonia.

Answer 32

Cystitis

Question 33

The presence of protein in the urine is a sign that the “filters,” or glomeruli, of the kidney’s nephrons, are damaged, allowing blood proteins to enter the filtrate. (2 terms)

Answer 33

Proteinuria Albuminuria

Question 34

High glucose levels in urine Increased levels of glucose in the urine are commonly...

Answer 34

Glycosuria -Indicative of diabetes mellitus

Question 35

Abnormally large amounts of ketone excretion What does this suggest? What does this indicate?

Answer 35

Ketonuria Suggests that the body is using fat as an energy source as opposed to glucose Indicates either diabetes mellitus or starvation

Question 36

Blood not visible to the naked eye that is found in the urine typically suggests there is structural damage within the urinary tract.

Answer 36

Occult blood

Question 37

Blood present in the urine can indicate that an individual has...

Answer 37

Urinary tract infection Kidney stones Cancerous cells

Question 38

A disease in which the glomeruli are damaged and plasma proteins and erythrocytes leak into the nephrons People with this condition have...

Answer 38

Nephritis -Blood and high levels of proteins in their urine

Question 39

One of the kidney's main functions is to... Around what value?

Answer 39

Regulate the osmolarity of the body fluids Around 300 milliosmoles per liter

Question 40

If an individual is dehydrated...

Answer 40

they will produce a small amount of highly concentrated urine

Question 41

If an individual is overhydrated...

Answer 41

they will produce a large amount of minimally concentrated (dilute) urine

Question 42

The ratio of the density of a substance compared to the density of distilled water.

Answer 42

Specific gravity

Question 43

The urinometer is calibrated to give a correct reading only if the urine is at ...

Answer 43

15 degrees Celsius

Question 44

If your urine is at a different temperature, you will need to correct the specific gravity value by...

Answer 44

adding 0.001 for every 3 degrees Celsius above OR subtracting 0.001 for every 3 degrees Celsius below the calibration temperature (15 degrees Celsius)

Question 45

The normal range of urine-specific gravity

Answer 45

1.0015 to 1.035

Question 46

Water with no present solutes - What is the gravity of this

Answer 46

- Distilled Water Gravity: 1.000

Question 47

A (1).... specific gravity reading is found in individuals with (2)...

Answer 47

1. Low 2. Chronic nephritis

Question 48

Slow, onset kidney disease

Answer 48

Chronic nephritis

Question 49

A (3)....specific gravity is observed in (4)...

Answer 49

3. High 4. Acute nephritis

Question 50

Sudden, onset kidney disease

Answer 50

Acute nephritis

Question 51

The process of titrating silver nitrate to analyze the presence of chloride ions in a substance using potassium chromate as an indicator.

Answer 51

Mohr Method

Question 52

What two things are added to the Mohr method?

Answer 52

One drop of 20% potassium chromate 2.9% silver nitrate solution drop by drop

Question 53

Each drop of 2.9% silver nitrate added to produce the the reddish-brown colored solution represents...

Answer 53

1 g/liter of NaCl is present in the urine.

Question 54

How many plots are made for data in the Mohr method?

Answer 54

3 plots