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Anatomy Lecture #1 Flashcards

1
Q
A

Anatomy Lesson of Dr. - Showcases public curiosity of Anatomy (Had public dissections once per year)

Painted in the Hague

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2
Q

Anatomy

A

Field of inquiry that endeavors to tell medicine where the body needs medical attention

Ex. Doctor doing exam to find injured area

***Asking the WHERE

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3
Q

Cellular and Molecular Medicine

A

Medical and Scientific specialty that endeavors to explain the why and the how

Asking what is happening molecularly and cellularly

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4
Q

What explains the why (Why something is wrong)

A

Anatomy can explain the why (Ex. ACL tear = because anatomy

Cellular and Molecular Medicine can explain the why

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5
Q

Anatomy Name origin

A

Greek Origin - “I cut up, cut open”

Issue = Anatomy is more than dissection

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6
Q

Dissection Name Origin

A

Latin - To cut to Pieces

Anatomy = overarching description

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7
Q

Gross Anatomy

A

Indicates things that can see with the naked eye (Gross = can see with the naked eye)

Issue = some people don’t like the term Gross Anatomy because the word gross has negative implications

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8
Q

History of Anatomy

A

Start - Dissection of the human body was common in Alexandria (had a culture of investigators)

After Catholosism - Dissection was forbidden (Some people would sneak bodies to be able to see (Ex. Michalagelo))

Galin - Philosopher + scientist - learned anatomy based on dissection of animals BUT doctors had to use this information because they couldn’t dissect humans
- Sometimes they would be able to get bodies form battle field

1400s - Had limited Access to human bodies –> BUT they had public dissections
- The public was interested - became a spectacle
- People had a fascination with the natural world = had public dissections

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9
Q
A

Shows the public dissections that was held once a year
- Can see it was a public spectacle
- Had flags that remind people of the frailty of life
- Displays were about education (based on fact that they had skeletons)

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10
Q

UMD medical Campus + STORY

A

Oldest continually used medical building in the US

STORY - When it was hard to get bodies to dissect people were scared that their family member’s bodies would get stolen - there was a story that a caretaker Frank who worked at the medical building was the ring leader to get the bodies

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11
Q

When was it easy/hard to get bodies?

A

In early 1900s it was easy to get bodies because people died young + people didn’t have money for funerals but it became harder as laws got stricter and people start dying later

NOW - have a formal donation process because we know it is for education (Maryland state anatomy board supplies >10,000 bodies for 140 programs in many states)

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12
Q

Organ

A

Anatomical entity make up of two types of tissue:

  1. Package the organ is in - That which frames the organ and from where sensation are perceived by the brain upon external stimulation
  2. Contents (prenchyma) - Those which execute the motor contractions or secretions of materials in response to stimuli - the organ’s muscular or glandular effector tissues
    • Tissue that secretes things/completes motor functions + responds to stimuli
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13
Q

Body System

A

A collection of morphologically continuous integrated body organs that work together to accomplish one specific body function to help achieve and maintain homeostasis

  • SOME cover multiple functions (Ex. Digestive system can complete metabolism + uptake + digest food; Respiratory system can digest food + breath; Liver = Digestion + hormone regulation + blood filtration)
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14
Q

Goal of all body systems

A

Trying to maintain homeostasis

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15
Q

Why do you need the right description in anatomy

A

Because many people depend on anatomy and everyone needs to be able to communicate clearly

Ex. A student observing a surgery might say a tumor is on the left but from the surgeon’s perspective it is on the top and from the pathologist’s perspective its different

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16
Q

Anatomical Position

A
  1. Hands rotated laterally - Palms face forward (Supernated)
  2. Head faces forward
  3. Feet shoulder width apart
  4. Standing erect
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17
Q

Types of Planes

A
  1. Median/Midsagital
  2. Sagital/Parasagital
  3. Coronal/Frontal
  4. Traverse/Horizontal/Axial
  5. Oblique
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18
Q

Median/Midsagital Plane

A

Cut down the middle of the body (top to bottom)

Images - Midsagital of Head and neck; Midsagital of female pelvis

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19
Q

Sagital/Parasagital

A

Cut from top to bottom BUT not in the middle of the body (cut off the midline)

Ex. Cut top to bottom through the shoulder)

Image - Longitudinal section of the knee

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20
Q

Coronal/Frontal

A

Cut Left to right BUT can be anywhere on the body (Any plane - more dorsal or more Ventral)

Image - Can see ACL + highland cartilage

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21
Q

Traverse/Horizontal/Axial

A

Horizontal cut anywhere along the body

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22
Q

Human Body Project

A

Government wanted to make an anatomy resource that would be an accurate anatomy sectional repository –> They got a male and a female –> sectioned the bodies and photographed everything
- Images were open to everyone
- Based on project they made 3D anatomical atlases
- After project CT and MRI scans improved so the project was less helpful because MRI and CT scans can be digitized

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23
Q

Persepctive of Images in Horizontal View

A

When have image in horizontal view you are always looking feet up so the image is mirrored (The images left is actually the right side of the body)

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24
Q

CT vs. MRI

A

CT = Based on bone refraction

MRI = Based on water

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25
Moving towards MRIs
MRI can be digitized AND you can see any location by changing the section of the picture in scan not just one single cut ***During Human Body project they had MRI data but now that data is more accesible (can get on phones) making the Human Body project more obsolete
26
Oblique
Similar to a horizontal cut but changes the orientation of the plane (cuts at an angle) - Used for specialized diagnostics (Ex. use in orthopedics to look at ACL - can see ACL better in Oblique; Can see origin and insertion of ACL) ***Images used have a key that shows the plane
27
Supine Vs. Prone
28
Dorsal Vs. Ventral
Ventral (Anterior) = towards front of body Dorsal (Posterior) = Towards the back of the body (Like dorsal in) Anterior + Posterior = with respect to coronal ***AP = Anterior to posterior
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Cranial Vs. Caudal
Cranial (Superior) = closer to head Caudal (Inferior) = farther from head/closer to feet (tail end) Cranial/Caudal = mostly used for trunk of body
30
Medial Vs. Lateral
Medial = closer to the midline Lateral = farther from the midline ***Both = based on midsagital plane
31
Proximal Vs. Distal
Proximal = more towards the trunk of body Distal = farther from trunk of the body ***Used from bones (Ex. Humorous is proximal to elbow joint) ***Not ass applicative for nerves and vessels (Ex. Vessles go based on blood flow -- Aorta = proximal; Artery is distal to aorta; vena cava is distal to tibial artery despite locations because of blood flow) ***For vessels - proximal is where the blood is first
32
Deep Vs. superficial
Deep = deeper to surface Superficial Closer to surface) ***Used with respect to depth (based on surface of body)
33
Extensor Vs. Flexor
Difference functions of muscles? Extensor = Triceps extend Flexor = surface of body (Ex. Biceps flex joint)
34
Types of rotations
1. Medial and lateral Rotation 2. Eversion and Inversion 3. Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion
35
Medial and lateral Rotation
Medial = Rotate inside Lateral = Rotate outside
36
Eversion and Inversion
Like rolling an ankle
37
Dorsiflexion and Plantar Flexion
Dorsiflexion = towards dorsal = flexing toes Plantar Flexion = Pointing toes
38
How many bones are in the human body
206 Infants = have 270 bones (have more because the skull is not fused + the plates on the long bones are not fused)
39
Do all adults have the same amount of bones?
NO - there is variation in adults Example - some people can have 2 sets of ribs (Example - they thought Rini's daughter had 2 sets of ribs)
40
Purpose of skeloton
1. Provides structure 2. Provides support 3. protects organs (some are more protected than others) 4. Muscles attach to it 5. Allows body to move 6. Supports posture 7. Produces RBCs + Platlets + WBCs 8. Produces Lipids (in yellow marrow) 9. Mineral storage
41
Things that can go wrong with bones
1. Fractures 2. Osteoporosis - Loss of bone density and strength 3. Osteromelitus - Bone inflammation/infection 4. Achromagly - Bone overgrowth due to pituitary hormone (Ex. Andre the giant) 5. Rickets - failure of bones to grow properly because of lack of vitamin D 6. Multiple myeloma - Bone cancer (Cancer of plasma cells in bone marrow) - Cancer is usually secondary meaning it spread from another area
42
Rickets story
There was a shipwreck and they bodies were well presrved --> they were able to look at their bones and found they all had rickets
43
Vitamen D deficieney
Leads to rickets In canada + places in northern hemisphere = people don't get enough vitamin D -- 80% of population is vitamin D deficient - In dairy in the US they add Vitamin D Get vitamin D through sun + food (Food can include cod oil)
44
Split of skelatal structure
Axial and Appendicular
45
Axial Skeleton
Includes cranium (Head) + spine + Ribs
46
Appendicular Skeleton
Includes pelvic bone + limbs
47
Is there space in the body?
NO - the body is packed tight = no free space Ex. Bowl + Intestines + liver = packed tight ***If there is space it can be a sign of disease pathology ***There is some space in alimentary canal in Digestive track (space for food to go in and out)
48
Types of Bones
1. Flat bones 2. Long bones 3. Irregular Bones
49
Flat bones
Type of bone Example - Skull, Hip bones, Shoulder blades
50
Long Bones
Type of bones - Includes: 1. Tibia 2. Fibula 3. Femur 4. Humerous 5. Radius 6. Ulna 7. Philanges (Fingers)
51
Irregular Bones
Type of Bones - includes: 1. Vertebrae (weird shape) 2. Hand bones (~ 20 bones in the hand) 3. Feet bones (Ex. Heel) 4. Patella
52
Name for patella
Sesame Bone -- because it is free floating (not connected to other bone - encased in tendon and ligament)
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Bones to Know
54
What is the most commonly broken bone in the body
Clavicle (because it anchors to the axial)
55
What is the strongest and longest bone in the body
Femur
56
What is surrounding the tibia
Mostly skin = nothing protecting it
57
Fibula
Smaller of the lower leg bones
58
How much weight can skull handle
Skull can take a ton of weight for 3 seconds (Very strong)
59
Bones of skull to know
60
Using cadavers for crash testing story
1940s - reserchers pioneered using crash test dummies (before this they used cadavers) - cadavers is how we know the skull can take a ton of weight
61
Characteristics of long bones
Long bones are very strong considering how light they are - Trucculai makes mesh work in bones?
62
Bones in skull
Frontal bone - across forehead (single bone) Sphenoid - is an irrregular bone Nasal bone Maxila - Top part of the Jaw (non-movable part of the jaw) Nasal Spine - Pointy part of Maxila (Predicts the shape of lower part of the nose) Mandible - Movable part of the Jaw Zygomaticus - Makes up cheeck bone Occipital Mastoid Process - Behind the ear (Sternal clusal mastoid mescle goes to sternum) Temperal bone - contains and right and a left bone (Just above ear) Parietal - contains a left and right bone with a suture in between (Suture between is the mid sagitical suture)
63
Sutures in skull
Sutures = integrates joints (between bones - joins them) but don't move) Includes: Sagital suture - Between parietal bones Coronal Suture
64
Tuberosity
Often were muscle attches to ***Ischial Tuberosity = why bottom hurts after sitting
65
Tubercle
Where muscle connects to bone ***Often people who work in manual labor have bigger and have more ridges in the tubercle - because it is where the muscle connects to bone meaning the muscle growing affects the bone
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Tuberosity Vs. Tubercle
Similar but different sizes
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Crest
Example - Iliac crest (what you feel when feel hips)
68
Notch
Often nerves go through the notch Example - greater sciatic notch (where plexus passes)
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Spine
Area of tendon attachment Example - Ischial Spine
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Tuberosity, Tubercle, Crest, Notch, Spine
71
Process
Pieces of bone that poke backwards Example - Spinous processes (things you feel when feel spine)
72
Facet
Flattened portion of bones (Flat area connected to flat area = facet) Example - Traverse costal facet or in fingers or in foot
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Process and Facet on diagram
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Foramen
Opening to allow something to go outside the skull Example - Foremen magnum or a foreman that allows the optic nerve to go to eyes
75
Fossa
Cavity Example - Anterior cranial fossa/ Middle cranial fossa/ posterior cranial fossa
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Fissure
Similar to a fossa but it is where 2 bones meat and where things come and go Example - Superior orbital fissure
77
Meatus
Opening (like foreman but things stay within the skull) Example - Nerves go to ear but are not exiting the body Example #2 - Internal Acoustic meatus
78
Sinus
Encased spaces within bone (lined with mucus) Example - Frontal Sinus
79
Condyle
Bone articulating (point where 2 or more bones meet)
80
Epicondyle
Muscular attachment (Attachment for ligaments and tendons)
81
Condyle and epicondyle
Areas for bones to articulate with one another (only in the femur)
82
Archamedes
Greek philosopher who discovered the power of levers - Found the use of the Archimedes screw
83
Archamedes screw
Really a lever - uses surface area of screw to lift water and pump it out - can move fluid based on levers - BASED ON LENGTH AND WIDTH OF THE SCREW AND BASED ON THE WIEGHT OF THING THAT YOU ARE LIFTING Still used for pumping
84
Levers
Have an arm and a fulcrom (Overall have the fulcrum, force, and resistence) - If someone is in teh middle then the whole thing is balanced Image - red = arm (lever) ; yellow = fulcrom --> whole thing is lever
85
Force in levers
Energy that you put in to move the weight (to move the resistance)
86
First class lever
Fulcrom us between the force and the resistnce - Can be balanced Ability to live resistence = based on the force + the resistnce + length of the lever + where the fulcrum is relative to the weight - Longer levers = can lift heavier things - Fulcrom closer to weight = can lift heavier things
87
Relationship between speed and distance
Heavier things will move faster
88
Strength and distance
Strength comes at cost of distance and speed (I THINK distance = range of motion)
89
Affect of fulcrum position
Fulcrum position affects the force required BUT this comes at a cost for distance (Force will be higher of the fulcrum is close to the resistance) - Fulcrom closer to weight = can lift heavier things
90
Second class lever
Resistance is between fulcrum and force (Fulcrom --> Resistance --> Force) Can move resistence and force --> this will affect the speed and the weight that you can lift
91
What affects force required in a second class lever
Resistance position relative to fulcrum affects the force required and affects the distance
92
Third class lever
Force is between resistance and fulcrum (Fulcrum --> force --> resistnce)
93
Relationship between force position and fulcrum in third class levers
Force position relative to fulcrum affects total force reuqired + affects the distance + affects he speed
94
Catapolts Vs. Trebuchet
catapotls = for small things (Ex. rocks); uses archamedes screw Trebuchet = for big things
95
Aircraft carriers
Use catapault technology to fling planes off ships - Uses pullies to create length -(adding length to lever arm)
96
What do levers affect
Levers affect force required for a particular movement, the seed of the movement, and the range of motion
97
Example of 1st class lever in body
Axial joint in head Resistance = muscles in back of neck (very thick muscles) Weight (force) = head
98
Example of 2nd class lever in body
Foot Ball of foot = fulcrom Resistance = weight of the body Force = gastric menius (lifts the weight of the body)
99
Example of 3rd class lever in body
Elbow Joint = fulcrum Bones of lower arm = lever What is lifted with arm = resistance Biceps = force
100
Origin (muscle terminology)
Most stable part (where closest to the core of the body/where it comes from)
101
Insertion (muscle terminology)
Business end -- where the activity is
102
Belly (muscle terminology)
Thick part of muscle
103
Tendon
Connects bone to muscle - Shiny, blue color - Smooth --> is able to glide across surfaces Example - In the wrist tendons connect flexor muscles of the arm to the wrist
104
Tubercle
Places on bones where tendons attatch to the bone
105
Ligament
Connects bone to bone
106
Apernerosis
Sheet that comes down to form the tendon proper (type of tendon) Example - In hip
107
Healing of muscle vs tendon vs ligament
Muscle = has lots of blood flow = faster to heal Tendon = less blood flow = slower to heal Ligament = no blood flow = won't repair
108
Muscle form
Have different shapes of muscles Includes: 1. Circular 2. Convergent 3. parallel 4. Pennate 5. Unipennate 6. Bipennate 7. Multipennate
109
Circular muscles
includes obicukard oculair (allows us to blink) + obliculas oras allows parsed lips)
110
Convergent Muscles
Example - Pacteralus major (originates on the sternum) + clavical converges to the humerous + Temeralus muscle
111
Parallel Muscles
Fibers of musles are parallel
112
Muscle form - uni vs. bi vs. multipennate
113
Muscle shapes
Includes: 1. Quadragular muscle 2. Trapozoidal muscle 3. Triangular muscle (Ex. deltoid muscles) 4. Rhombodial muscle 5. Fusiform muscle 6. Digastric muscle (Two bellies) 7. Bicipital Muscle (Two heads)
114
How do we name muscles
1. Based on size 2. Based on shape 3. Based on orientation 4. Based on function 5. Based on number of heads 6. Based on origin-insertion 7. Based on location
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Muscle naming (based on size)
1. Maximus/magnus = largest 2. Minimus = smallest 3. Longus = longest 4. Brevis = shortest 5. Latissimus = widest
116
Muscle naming (based on shape)
1. Trapezius - trapazoid 2. Deltoid - triangle 3. Serrratus - saw-toothed 4. Platysma - flat
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Muscle naming (based on orientation)
1. Rectus - parallel to midline 2. Oblique 3. Traverse
118
Muscle naming (based on function)
1. Flexor - extensor 2. Pronator - Supinator 3. Levator - depressor 4. Adductor - Adductor 5. Rotator 6. Tensor
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Muscle naming (based on heads)
1. Biceps - two heads 2. Triceps - three heads 3. Quadriceps - four heads
120
Muscle naming (based on origin-insertion)
Sternocleidomastoid - goes from mastoid process to sternum
121
Muscle naming (based on function)
Risorious - Laughing (muscles move to get shape to laugh) Masseter - chewing
122
Muscle naming (based on location)
1. Zygomaticus 2. Subclavius 3. Temoralis
123
ACL demonstration
Tear ACL= tibia can move foward ACL = Anterior cruciate ligamient - crosses over with the Posterior cruciate ligament
124
Compartment syndrome
Muscls are surrounded by fashia - f blood vessls pop blood flows in and has no where to go = cut open in ER to reive the pressure = Thick fascia on side of leg = can pick up body by fasia

Human Body (31 decks)

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