Anatomy Lecture 1 -- The Heart External Features and Coronary Circulation

Question 1

3 pericardial coverings

Answer 1

Fibrous pericardium Serous pericardium (parietal and visceral lamina)

Question 2

2 ligaments of the heart

Answer 2

Sternopericardial Pericardial phrenic

Question 3

4 diseases related to the pericardium

Answer 3

Pericarditis Cardiac tamponade Hemocardium Chronic constructive pericarditis

Question 4

6 potential causes of pericarditis

Answer 4

Bacteria, fungus, virus, parasites Cancer, autoimmune

Question 5

Characteristic of the fibrous pericardium and the effect

Answer 5

Very stiff = does not allow expansion of the heart past this limit

Question 6

Effect of pericarditis

Answer 6

Enlargement of pericardial cavity = Increased pressure = effusion into PC = expansion towards ventricles = ventricles constricted –> potential death

Question 7

Define cardiac tamponade

Answer 7

Compression of the heart

Question 8

Cause of cardiac tamponade

Answer 8

Restriction of incoming blood flow (i.e. from pulmonary veins)

Question 9

Effect of cardiac tamponade

Answer 9

Ventricles pump much less

Question 10

2 treatments for cardiac tamponade

Answer 10

Pericardiocentesis (remove juice) by cardiac notch or just under parasternal line below xiphoid IV antibiotics

Question 11

2 potential causes of hemocardium

Answer 11

Violence (i.e. puncture = blood in P.C.) Damaged heart wall

Question 12

Effect of chronic constrictive pericarditis

Answer 12

P.C. obliterated by adhesions between covers Wall of pericardial sac is very thick (often occludes whole cavity)

Question 13

Define inflammation

Answer 13

Process whereby fluid and white blood cells accumulate at a site of injury Fluid and WBC can ooze out of nearby blood vessels (so can only occur in vascularized tissues)

Question 14

3 tubes branching off the aortic arch (from right to left)

Answer 14

Brachiocephalic trunk Carotid Subclavian artery

Question 15

What part(s) of the body does the brachiocephalic trunk supply blood to?

Answer 15

Right side of head and neck, right arm

Question 16

What part(s) of the body does the carotid supply blood to?

Answer 16

Left head and neck

Question 17

What part(s) of the body does the subclavian artery supply blood to?

Answer 17

Left arm

Question 18

2 incoming vessels to right atrium

Answer 18

Superior Vena Cava Inferior Vena Cava

Question 19

From what body parts does the SVC bring blood?

Answer 19

Upper torso area

Question 20

From what body parts does the IVC bring blood?

Answer 20

Abdomen and lower limbs

Question 21

Define the auricles

Answer 21

2 flaps of heart tissue that come off the atria Embryological leftovers that are no longer functional after birth (look like cockerspaniel ears)

Question 22

2 borders of the heart

Answer 22

Right atrium Left atrium

Question 23

3 surfaces of the heart

Answer 23

Anterior = right ventricle Base = left atrium Diaphragmatic = right ventricle and left ventricle

Question 24

Where is the apex of the heart?

Answer 24

Bottom of left ventricle

Question 25

Where does the sound of the heart come from when you use a stethoscope?

Answer 25

Apex

Question 26

Variation in coronary arteries

Answer 26

May have 1 - 3 coronary arteries (usually have 2) 3rd can be anywhere Branches are variable

Question 27

Cause of myocardial infarct

Answer 27

Occlusion of flow in coronary arteries. Would be fixed by a functional anastomosis, allowing for retrograde flow, except that the vessels do not connect (so do not have this flow)

Question 28

When can a person survive a myocardial infarct?

Answer 28

If the occlusion is in a secondary branch since only the associated tissue dies, not the whole heart

Question 29

Where do the coronary arteries originate?

Answer 29

At the very beginning of the aorta where the aortic valve forms

Question 30

Identify this structure

Answer 30

Brachiocephalic trunk

Question 31

Identify this structure

Answer 31

Carotid artery

Question 32

Identify this structure

Answer 32

Subclavian artery

Question 33

Answer 33

Pulmonary trunk

Question 34

Answer 34

Pulmonary arteries

Question 35

Answer 35

Superior Vena Cava

Question 36

Answer 36

Auracles

Question 37

Answer 37

Right Ventricle

Question 38

Answer 38

Left ventricle

Question 39

Answer 39

Right coronary artery

Question 40

Answer 40

Left coronary artery

Question 41

Answer 41

Right marginal artery

Question 42

Answer 42

Anterior interventricular artery

Question 43

Answer 43

Posterior interventricular artery

Question 44

Answer 44

Coronary sinus

Question 45

Answer 45

Great cardiac vein

Question 46

Answer 46

Right marginal vein

Question 47

Answer 47

Middle cardiac vein

Question 48

(More anterior)

Answer 48

Left marginal vein

Question 49

Answer 49

Small cardiac vein

Question 50

More posterior

Answer 50

Left posterior ventricular vein