Anatomy Lecture Notes Part I Flashcards
(43 cards)
Medial
Closer to the midline
Lateral
Further from the midline
Proximal (used when describing limbs)
Nearer to the point of origin (or of the attachment of the limb to the trunk)
Distal (used when describing limbs)
Further from the point of origin (or attachment of the limb to the trunk)
Deep (used when describing layers of muscle or tissue in relation to the surface of the body)
More exclusive to describing one muscle in relation to another
Sagittal plane
plane divided the body vertically into right and left. The only movements in the sagittal plane are flexion and extension
Coronal/frontal plane
divided the body vertically into anterior and posterior. The only movements in the coronal plane are abduction and adduction.
Horizontal/transverse plane
divides the body horizontally into superior and inferior. Movements in this plane are rotation and supination/pronation. Most arm positions in asanas use external rotation of the humerus and pronation of the forearm.
Flexion
When the angle of a joint such as the elbow or knee is narrowed, the movement is described as flexion. Also think of fetal position/child’s pose, uttanasana.
Extension
The opening up of such joints, increasing the size of the angle. Locust pose.
Abduction
Moving away from the midline
Adduction
Moving toward midline
Medial Rotation
When the rotation results in the anterior surface of the limb rotating toward the midline. The opposite is lateral rotation.
Supination
The act of turning the palm to face forward. Pronation is the opposite.
Inversion
Turning the sole of the foot to face medially. Eversion is the opposite.
Concentric
(isotonic): the muscle shortens in overcoming resistance.
Eccentric
(isotonic): the muscle lengthens while resisting gravity. Eccentric contractions modifies, smoothes, or puts the brakes on a movement.
Static
(isometric): muscular force occurs but there is no change in muscle length.
The Joint Capsule
The articulating bones of joint fit together loosely. They are enclosed in a sleeve of tough, fibrous, flexible connective tissue called the joint capsule.
Synovial membrane
is the inner lining of the joint capsule. It secrets synovial fluid, which lubricates the joint and reduces friction between the bones. Movement increases the production of synovial fluid and warms it, making it less viscous and more fluid, which allows greater ease and range of motion. Synovial fluid also nourishes cartilage and cleans the joint cavity of debris.
How many bones are there in the human body?
206
Hyaline cartilage
is a shiny, slippery, water absorbing substance that coats the ends of articulating bones. It absorbs shock and prevents bones from rubbing against each other. Cartilage has no blood supply of it’s own.
Ligaments
are brands of connective tissue that passively reinforce the joint. They attach bone to bone and prevent undesired movement.
Discs
are made of a dense connective tissue called fibrocartilage. They are important as shock absorbers. They are located between the vertebrae of the spine. Other similar structures of the body that have similar composition are the pubic symphysis and the menisci of the knee.
