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spring a 2025 > anatomy midterm > Flashcards

anatomy midterm Flashcards

1
Q

what nerve does a lateral lumbar disc protrusion affect?

A

normally affects the nerve root below
ex. protrusion at L4/5 affects L5 nerve root

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2
Q

what nerve does a medial lumbar disc protrusion affect?

A

medial protrusion at L4/5 rarely affects L4 nerve root but may affect L5 nerve root and S1-4 nerve roots

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3
Q

etiology of a herniation of nucleus pulposus

A

extreme/sudden hyper-flexion of vertebral column
repeated strain or compression of vertebral column
can be idiopathic or asymptomatic

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4
Q

characteristics of HNP

A

most common location is lumbar spine
esp L4/5 IVC

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5
Q

symptoms of HNP

A

pain in the lower back, radiating to one or both LE

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6
Q

what is the most typical spinal level if IVD herniation?

A

in lumbar spine because WB is the highest
L4/5 or L5/S1 are most common

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7
Q

what vertebral level is best for lumbar puncture?

A

L4/5 or L5/S1
ensures that conus medullaris and cauda equina are missed

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8
Q

borders of the suboccipital triangle

A

superomedial: rectus capitis posterior major
superolateral: obliquus capitis superior
inferolateral: obliquus capitis inferior
floor: posterior AO membrane, posterior arch of C1
roof: semispinalis capitis

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9
Q

contents of the suboccipital triangle

A

vertebral artery
suboccipital nerve
suboccipital venous plexus

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10
Q

borders of the quadrangular space

A

superior - teres minor
inferior - teres major
medial - long head of the triceps brachii
lateral - surgical neck of the humerus

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11
Q

innervation of serratus anterior muscle

A

long thoracic nerve (C3,4,5)

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12
Q

action of serratus anterior

A

protraction
upward rotation
stabilization of scapula

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13
Q

what does damage to the long thoracic nerve do?

A

weaken serratus anterior

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14
Q

what causes winging of the scapula?

A

complete severing of the long thoracic nerve
inactivation of SA inhibits scapula from being held into the thoracic wall

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15
Q

what 4 muscles perform internal rotation of GH?

A
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16
Q

a lesion of suprascapular nerve would likely result in what motor deficits?

A
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17
Q

what are the contents of the carpal tunnel

A

flexor digitorum profundus tendons
flexor digitorum superficialis tendons
flexor pollicis longus tendon
median nerve

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18
Q

boundaries of carpal tunnel

A

posterior/floor - carpal bones
anterior/roof - flexor retinaculum

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19
Q

what is carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

synovial sheaths become inflamed with overuse, expanding against the other structures in the tunnel

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20
Q

axillary nerve sensory innervation

A

upper half of upper arm

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21
Q

radial nerve sensory innveration

A

lower lateral half of upper arm and most of posterior arm

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22
Q

musculocutaneous nerve sensory innervation

A

lateral side of anterior forearm and lateral posterior forearm

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23
Q

median nerve sensory innervation

A

anterior lateral hand and digits 1-lateral half of 4 and posterior tips of digits 1-4

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24
Q

ulnar nerve sensory innervation

A

medial hand and medial half of digit 4 and digit 5

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25
division 1 of axillary artery
1 rib is landmark for transition from subclavian to axillary branch: superior thoracic a.
26
division 2 of axillary artery
deep to pectoralis minor branches: thoracoacromial a., lateral thoracic a.
27
division 3 of axillary artery
inferior to pec minor and anterior to teres major branches: subscapular a. (circumflex scapular a. and thoracodorsal a.), posterior humeral circumflex a., anterior humeral circumflex a.
28
what four muscles make the anterior abdominal wall?
rectus abdominis external abdominal oblique internal abdominal oblique transversus abdominis
29
what does an abdominal hernia occur?
when an organ pushes through a weakness in abdo wall muscle or CT groin is another common place
30
common sites of abdominal hernias
umbilicus incisional hiatal
31
what is the treatment of a hernia?
surgical repair small ones can be monitored, but will get worse over time
32
where is the ansa cervicalis nerve?
loop sitting anterior to scalene
33
hypoglossal CN XII
inferior to mandible
34
phrenic nerve location
C3-5 to the diaphragm
35
where does the vagus nerve run?
medially to common carotid artery
36
boundaries of the anatomical snuffbox
extensor pollicis longus extensor pollicis brevis abductor pollicis longus
37
floor of the snuffbox
scaphoid trapezium
38
contents of the snuffbox
radial artery superficial radial nerve cephalic vein
39
what is nurse maid's elbow?
head of radius displaced from annular lig
40
what causes nurse maid's elbow?
common in children following pulling movement swinging by hands
41
how to correct nursemaid's elbow?
elbow and wrist held with forearm in 90 deg flexion forearm rapidly hyperpronated radial head should click back into place
42
upper roots injury (C5,C6): Erb-Duchenne's paralysis
excessive increase in angle between head and shoulder paralysis of shoulder and arm muscles supplied by C5 and C6 Erb-duchenne palsy - waiter's tip: arm add and hangs by side in medial rotation
43
what deficits are associated with erb-duchenne's palsy?
loss of abd - delt loss of IR - infra, T minor weak forearm flexors - biceps, brachialis weak supination - biceps square shoulder due to delt atrophy
44
lower roots injury (C7, C8, T1): Klumpke's paralysis
sudden stop when upper limb raised over head intrinsic muscles of hand deficits claw hand
45
what deficits are associated with claw hand?
loss of thenar and hypothenar innervation loss of lumbricals and interossei hyperextension of MCP joints loss of extension of IPs
46
axillary nerve lesion (C5, C6)
humeral surgical neck fracture improper use of crutches posterior dislocation of GH square shoulder sign
47
what deficits are associated with square shoulder sign?
severe weakness of shoulder abd weakness in lateral rotation of shoulder
48
lesions to suprascapular nerve
loss of supra and infra weak abd and LR
49
lesions to upper and lower subscapular nerve
loss of subscap and t major weak add and MR
50
lesions to long thoracic
loss of serr ant winged scap
51
lesions to pectoral nerve
weak pec major/minor weak MR, add
52
lesions to thoracodorsal nerve
loss of lats weak arm ext, add, MR
53
lesions to dorsal scapular
loss of rhomboids weak scap retraction
54
injury to spinal accessory nerve
most common surgery related nerve injury paralysis of trap signs: shoulder drop cannot shrug against resistance
55
musculocutaneous nerve lesion C5-7
rare to injure only musculo stab or puncture similar to upper brachial plexus injury severe weakness of elbow flexion and supination
56
median nerve lesion C5-T1
deep perforating wounds, cuts at wrist, carpal tunnel
57
median nerve lesion proximal to elbow
loss of pronation weak wrist flexion and abd loss of IP flexion and 2-3 weak Ip flexion in 4-5 impaired thumb sign of benediction 1-3 remain extended when trying to make a fist forearm supination wrist ulnar deviated
58
median nerve lesion at wrist
loss of intrinsic thumb muscles ape hand: wasting thenar thumb slightly extended
59
ulnar nerve lesion C8-T1
gunshot wound, fracture of med epi
60
ulnar nerve lesion proximal to elbow
weak wrist flex and add loss of flex in dip of 4-5 loss of flexion of mcp of 4-5 loss of extension of ip of 4-5 loss of abd and add of digits loss of thumb add loss of digit 5 abd and flex partial claw hand
61
deficits with partial claw hand
flexion of PIP of 4-5 hyperextension of 4-5 mcp impaired wrist add, hand in radial deviation
62
ulnar nerve lesion at wrist
exaggerated partial claw hand same as partial claw hand but additional flexion in dip
63
radial nerve lesion - axilla (C5-T1)
compression due to crutches loss of forearm ext weak forearm flexion weak supination wrist drop
64
deficits with wrist drop
wrist in flexe position
65
radial nerve lesion in spiral/radial groove
fracture to humeral shaft wrist drop
66
radial nerve lesion in cubital fossa
laceration wrist ex weakened loss of mcp ext loss of thumb ext weak supination difficulty holding pen and writing

spring a 2025 (10 decks)

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