Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

spring a 2025 > patho exam 3 > Flashcards

patho exam 3 Flashcards

(111 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what is the major function of the GI tract?

A

digestion and absorption of nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the 4 major activities of the GI tract?

A

motility
secretions
digestion
absorbtion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does the GI system consist of?

A

GI tract:
mouth
esophagus
stomach
small intestines
large intestines
rectum

accessory glands:
pancreas
liver
gallbladder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the four layers of the wall of GI tract?

A

muscosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

describe the mucosa

A

inner most layer
mucous membrane - secrete enzymes
lamina propria - CT layer
muscularis mucosae - contract into folds to stir contents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

describe the submucosa

A

helps wall to not be damaged due to stretching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

describe muscularis externa

A

motility, propel food and mix with secretions
circular muscle decreases diameter of lumen
longitudinal muscle shortens GI tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what happens if gestational diabetes is untreated?

A

developmental abnormalities like spina bifida
heart defects
large body size of baby

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

describe serosa

A

outermost layer
structural support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what happens at the beginning of GI tract? (mouth to stomach)

A

food is chewed to decrease size and mix with saliva
propelled by tongue to pharynx
esophagus can easily stretch and takes food from pharynx to stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

upper esophageal sphincter

A

ring of skel muscle surrounding esophagus at upper end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

lower esophageal sphincter

A

ring of smooth musc that regulates flow of food into stomach
prevents contents of stomach which are acidic from entering esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the stomach?

A

j shaped sac that secretes gastric juice from gastric glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what happens in the stomach?

A

smooth mus pulverizes food into smaller particles and mixes with gastric juices forming chyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the three regions of stomach?

A

fundus
body
antrum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is gastric emptying?

A

contraction of antrum to propel chyme from stomach into small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what makes up gastric juice?

A

mucus, pepsinogen, hydrogen ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the small intestine?

A

3 ft long coiled tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the primary site of digestion of all nutrients in food?

A

small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

other than digestion, what is the other function of the small intestine?

A

its high absorptive capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the three major regions of the small intestine?

A

duodenum: adds pancreatic juice to chyme and receives bile form liver

jejunum

ileum: joins to the colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what do villi do?

A

in small intestine, increase surface area
make a brush border of microvilli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does the large intestine consist of?

A

cecum
colon
rectum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what happens in the large intestine?

A

material that is not reabsorbed enters destined for excretion - feces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what are the four regions of colon their functions?
ascending - absorb water and ions transverse - absorb water and ions descending- absorb water and ions sigmoid - storage for what remains after absorption
26
what happens in rectum?
fecal contents stored
27
what does the ileocecal sphincter do?
prevents reflux into ileum from cecum
28
where is the pyloric sphincter?
between stomach and duodenum
29
what are the two types of mature bone?
compact - outer shell cancellous - lattice patterns
30
what is lamellar bone?
strong mature bone that is highly organized
31
what is an osteocyte?
mature bone cells
32
what is a lacuna?
space filled with ECF
33
what is woven bone?
low tensile strength bone
34
what types of stem cells does bone marrow contain?
hematopoeitic: RBCs, WBCs, platelets stromal: adipose, cartilage, bone
35
what is bone tissue comprised of?
type 1 collagen proteins lipids inorganic salts bone cells
36
what are osteoprogenitor cells?
differentiate into osteoblasts
37
what do osteoblasts release?
alkaline phosphatase helps precipitation of calcium and phosphorous
38
what is bone remodeling?
skeletal maintenance maintains strength and integrity of skeleton replaced = resorbed
39
in what disorders is there more bone formation than resorption?
hyperostosis - widening of cortical bone osteosclerosis - increased density
40
in what disorders is there more bone resorption that formation?
osteopenia - decreased density osteoporosis - severe form of osteopenia
41
disorders of reduced bone mineralization
osteomalacia rickets
42
disorders of increased bone mineralization
metabolic soft tissue mineralization
43
what is osteopenia?
reduction in bone mass greater than expected
44
what are the pathologies that cause of osteopenia?
osteoporosis osteomalacia malignancy hyperPT hyperT
45
what is osteoporosis
porous bone combo of decres bone mass/density and micro-damage
46
causes of osteoporosis
postmenopausal estrogen deficient age medications malnutrition alcoholism
47
risk factors of osteoporosis
age female white small bone structure family history low peak bone mass aluminum antacids anticonvulsants heparin diabetes
48
clinical manifestations of osteoporosis
loss of trabeculae minimal stress causes fracture
49
diagnosis of osteoporosis
history drugs bone mineral density -2.5 or lower x rays
50
management of osteoporosis
treatment of underlying prevention: nutrition, PA, eliminate tobacco, vitamin D bisphosphonates hormonal therapy calcitonin
51
what is osteomalacia?
inadequate mineralization of new bone resulting in softening of bone
52
causes of osteomalacia
lack of dietary calcium / vit D insuff calcium absorption phosphate deficiency
53
risk factors of osteomalacia
older intestinal malabsorption long term use of drugs diet deficient in vit d
54
pathogenesis of osteomalacia
decrease in calcified matrix and increase of uncal matrix failure of calcium salts to be deposited in osteoid - leaving it not matured
55
clinical manifestations of osteomalacia
generalized aching and fatigue weight loss bone pain muscle weakness and softening = postural deformities
56
diagnosis of osteomalacia
bone radiograph bone biopsy blood test urine analysis
57
treatment of osteomalacia
correct primary disease adequate nutrition - cal, vit d
58
what is paget's disease?
osteitis deformans abnormal bone remodeling extensive unorg new bone formation lacks structural stability
59
incidence of paget's
genetic
60
pathogenesis of paget's
rapid clastic resorption hectic formation with chaotic depositing poor quality, fibrous bone fractures bone marrow replaced with progenitors and blood vessels
61
clinical manifestations of paget's
present long before detected bone pain with deformities hypercalcemia fatigue loss of appetite abdominal pain constipation headache tinnitus, vertigo 1/3rd of skeleton involved, increased in Q
62
common sites of paget's
skull pelvis humerus ribs spine femur tibia
63
diagnosis of paget's
alkaline phosphate - 10-20 x higher bone scan radiographs: spine - picture frame bowing of bones skull - cotton wool appearance
64
treatment of paget's
drugs to inhibit clastic activity NSAIDs adequate dose of calcium, vitamin D surgery to decompress nerves
65
general signs and symptoms of GI disease
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia abdominal pain dysphagia, weight loss, GI bleed heart burn fecal incontinence GI bleed constipation
66
what are the indicators of a GI bleed?
coffee ground emesis hematemesis melena - black tarry sticky stool hematochezia - maroon colored stools
67
mechanical causes of constipation
bowl obstruction cancer diverticulitis pregnancy
68
what is GERD?
backward flow of stomach contents called acid reflux occurs more than 2 times/week for a few weeks
69
symptoms of GERD
reflux esophagitis mucosal ulcerations granulation narrowing of esophagus vocal cord inflammation asthma eso cancer
70
causes of GERD
decreased pressure of lower eso sphincter increased gastric pressure gastric contents near junction
71
clinical manifestations of GERD
heart burn at night pain in epigastric area sour taste from acid sever reflux - morning hoarseness cough asthma pulmonary aspiration barret's esophagus
72
what is barret's esophagus
metaplasia - squamous to columnar mucosal damage can become cancerous dysphagia
73
diagnosis of GERD
history esophagoscopy to look for changes pH monitoring - will be more acidic
74
drugs to manage GERD
proton pump inhibitors histamine 2 receptor blocker antacids
75
lifestyle mods to manage GERD
avoid food that reduces sphincter tone avoid acidic food avoid alcohol and smoking keep food diary to id triggers remain upright after meals elevations of HOB weight loss
76
what is appendicitis?
inflammation of vermiform appendix occurs in adolescents and young adults medical emergency
77
what is peritonitis?
inflam of membrane lining the cavity
78
where does pain refer to with appendicitis?
thigh
79
what is rebound tenderness?
press finger over lower quadrant and quickly remove hand. pain indicated appendicitis
80
what is rovsing's sign?
palpation of left lower quadrant increases the pain in right LQ. indicator of appendicitis
81
what is mcburney's point?
palpate halfway between ASIS and umbilicus tenderness indicated appendicitis
82
what is pinch an inch test?
pinch skin over mcburney's. allow to recoil quickly increased pain is positive for peritonitis
83
what is psoas sign?
abdominal pain is possible cause of hip or thigh pain pain with hip extension have client perform straight leg raise, resistance applied to distal thigh increased pain is positive but not specific to peritonitis
84
what is inflammatory bowel disease?
chronic inflam in large and small intestine no proven cause
85
what are the two most common forms of IBD?
crohn's ulcerative colitis
86
cause of IBD
unregulated and exaggerated immune response genetic environmental trigger systemic manifestations
87
what is crohn's disease
granulomatous inflam process 20-30 yo women small intestine and colon most affected exacerbation and remission skip lesions cobblestone appearance fat wrapping ulcerations obstruction damage to villi
88
what layer of GI is most affected in crohn's
submucosal
89
manifestations of crohn's
exacerbation and remission fever, diarrhea, abdo pain, weight loss electrolyte disorders nutritional deficiencies fistula formation
90
treatment of crohn's
anti-inflammatory nutritious diet: high cal, vit, protiens, avoid fat may need feeding tube
91
what is UC?
inflam disorder of mucosa of rectum and colon spreads proximally from rectum no skip lesions 15-25 yo
92
clinical manifestations of UC
diarrhea 4-10 stools/day rectal bleeding nausea, vomiting, weight loss, anorexia, fever anemia and clubbing of fingers are rare ankylosing spondylitis
93
location of uc and crohn
crohn - small intestine and ascending colon uc - descending colon and rectum
94
pattern of uc and crohn
crohn - skip lesions uc - continous
95
depth of uc and crohn
crohn - submucosal us - mucosal
96
diarrhea in uc and crohn
crohn - watery uc - bloody
97
abdo pain in uc and crohn
both - yes
98
bowl obstruction in uc and crohn
crohn - common uc - uncommon
99
cancer risk in uc and crohn
crohn - increased uc - higher than crohn
100
what is diverticular disease?
decreased motility obstruction impaired perfusion
101
what is a diverticulum
outpouching in wall of colon develops at site of weakness plural: diverticula presence: diverticulosis
102
what is diverticulitis?
particle trapped in pockets becomes inflammed pain and tender LQ nausea, slight fever, elevated WBCs
103
complications of diverticulitis
herniation perforation hemorrhage inflammation
104
risk factors of diverticulitis
low fiber diet chronic constipation weak bowel muscle obesity weak pelvic floor muscles NSAID use
105
immediate treatment of diverticulitis
control infection rest the bowl clear liquid diet for 2-3 days
106
LT treatment of diverticulitis
high fiber, low fat diet avoid foods like banana and rice fluid intake of 2L/day daily exercise anti-biotic, anti-inflam surgery for perforations bowel resections or removal colostomy
107
red flags for UC
blood diarrhea nausea and vomiting anorexia weight loss fever chronic abdo pain family hx of IBD's rectal bleeding
108
PT for UC
low to mod intensity walking cycling simple HEP higher activity have better outcomes
109
PT for crohn's
hydration during activities limited by severity of symptoms light to mod exercise recommended
110
implications to PT with crohn's
low bone mineral density increased risk of osteoporosis - corticosteroid use tendency for arthritis in lower back abscesses can form on hip due to skip lesions
111

spring a 2025 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions