Anatomy of Alimentary System Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
What are the 4 quadrants of the abdomen?
A
RU
RL
LU
LL
2
Q
What are the 2 lines used to divide the abdomen into 4 quadrants?
A
Transumbilical
Median
3
Q
What are the 9 regions of the abdomen?
A
Right and left hypochondriac Epigastric Umbilical Hypogastric Left and right lumbar Left and right inguinal
4
Q
What are the 3 horizontal muscles of the anterior abdominal wall exterior to interior?
A
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transversus abdominis
5
Q
What is the innervation of the anterior wall muscles?
A
Anterior rami of T7-T11
L1
6
Q
What is the vertical muscle of the anterior abdominal wall?
A
Rectus abdominis
7
Q
Where do the rectus abdominis lie above the umbilicus?
A
With the internal oblique enveloping it
Being anterior and posterior to it
8
Q
Where does the rectus abdominis lie below the umbilicus?
A
With the internal oblique muscle lying completely anterior to it
9
Q
What is the action of the rectus abdominis on the trunk?
A
Flexes the trunk
10
Q
What is the rectus sheath?
A
Strong sheet like aponeurosis of the:
External
Internal oblique
Transversus Abdominis
11
Q
What is an aponeurosis?
A
Flat, broad, thin tendon
12
Q
At what vertebral level is the umbilicus?
A
L3/L4
13
Q
Which dermatome does the umbilicus lie?
A
T10
14
Q
Which dermatome do the nipples lie?
A
T4
15
Q
What are the 4 layers of the gut wall?
A
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis Externa
Serosa/Adventitia
16
Q
What are the 3 layers of the mucosa?
A
Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosa
17
Q
What are the 2 layers of muscle in the muscularis externa?
A
Inner Circular
Outer Longitudinal
18
Q
What epithelium is found in the oesophagus?
A
Stratified squamous
19
Q
What epithelium lines the stomach, small and large intestine?
A
Simple columnar
20
Q
What finger like structure is found in the small intestine?
A
Villi
21
Q
What are the 2 subdivisions of the peritoneum?
A
Parietal
Visceral
22
Q
What is the peritoneal cavity?
A
Potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum
23
Q
What are the 2 sacs of the peritoneal cavity ?
A
Greater sac
Lesser sac
24
Q
Though which passage do the greater and lesser sac communicate?
A
Epiploic foramen
25
What is meant by retroperitoneal?
When the organ is only covered by peritoneum on the anterior surface
26
What is meant by intraperitoneal?
When the organ is completely covered in peritoneum
27
What is present in the peritoneal cavity?
Peritoneal fluid
28
Which layer of the peritoneum is more sensitive to pain?
Parietal
29
What are the attachments of the lesser omentum?
Lesser curvature of the stomach
| Liver
30
What are the attachments of the greater omentum?
Greater curvature of the stomach
| Transverse colon
31
What are the 3 major muscles of the posterioir abdominal wall?
Psoas major
Iliacus
Quadratus Lumborium
32
What is the main artery and vein of the abdomen?
Abdominal Aorta
| IVC
33
What are the 3 major openings of the diaphragm?
IVC
Aorta
Oesophagus
34
What is the level of the IVC opening at the diaphragm?
T8
35
What is the level of the oesophageal opening at the diaphragm?
T10
36
What is the level of the aortic opening at the diaphragm?
T12
37
What are the 3 main branches of the abdominal aorta that supply the aorta?
Celiac trunk
SMA
IMA
38
At which vertebral level does the aorta divide into the 2 common iliac arteries?
L4
39
How is the inferior vena cava formed in the abdomen?
Joining of left and right common iliac veins
40
At which vertebral level does the celiac trunk branch off?
T12
41
At which vertebral level does the SMA branch off?
L1
42
At which vertebral level does the IMA branch off?
L3
43
Which artery supplies the foregut?
Celiac artery
44
Which artery supplies the midgut?
SMA
45
Which artery supplies the hind gut?
IMA
46
Give a midgut structure that is not part of the gut tube
Appendix
47
What is a portal system?
Any system of blood vessels which has a capillary system at each level
48
Which veins drain the IMV?
Splenic vein
49
Which 2 veins form the hepatic portal vein?
SMV
| Splenic vein
50
Which vein drains the stomach?
Gastric vein
51
Which vein drains the pancreas?
Splenic vein
52
what are the 4 sites of portocaval anastomosis in the body?
Distal oesophagus
Paraumbilical
Upper end of anal canal
Bare area of the liver
53
What is the clinical significance of the portocaval anastomosis?
To provide alternative routes of circulation when there is a blockage in the liver or portal vein
54
What is the origin of the vagus nerve?
Medulla
| CN X
55
Which nerves provide sympathetic supply to the gut?
Splanchnic nerves
56
Which nerve is the main supply of parasympathetic innervation to the gut?
Vagus nerve
57
What is the effect of vagotomy on gastric secretion?
Reduces as cuts of parasympathetic supply
58
What is the chief difference in the arrangement of ganglia in the sympathetic and para system?
Para - ganglia closer to the organ
| Sympa - ganglia closer to the spinal cord
59
Why does the right kidney lie slightly lower than the left kidney?
Due to the presence of the liver
60
What are the 3 structures at the hilum of the kidney?
Renal artery
Renal Vein
Ureter
61
How are the kidneys peritonised?
Retroperitoneal
62
What is the arrangement anterior to posterior for the hilum of the kidney?
Renal vein
Renal artery
Ureter
63
What is the anatomical location of the suprarenal gland?
Superior to the kidney
64
What type of gland is the suprarenal gland?
Endocrine gland
65
What is the term used to describe the expanded upper part of the ureter?
Renal pelvis
66
Give an organ found in the right hypochondriac region
Gall bladder
67
Give an organ found in the epigastric region
Stomach
68
Give an organ found in the left hypochondriac region
Spleen
69
Give an organ found in the right lumbar region?
Right kidney
70
Give an organ found in the umbilical region
SI
| Pancrease
71
Give an organ found in the right iliac fossa?
Appendix
72
Give an organ found in the hypogastric region
Bladder
| SI
73
Give an organ found in the left iliac fossa
Descending Colon
74
What is the innervation of the anterior abdominal walls muscles
T7-T12
| +/- L1
75
Which peritoneum lines the organ?
Visceral
76
Which peritoneum surrounds the body wall?
Parietal
77
What is contained in the peritoneal space?
Peritoneal fluid
78
How is the pancreas peritonised?
Retroperitoneal
79
What are the retroperitoneal organs?
```
Suprarenal glands
Aorta/IVC
Duodenum
Pancreas
Ureters
Colon - ascending and descending
Kidneys
EOesophagus
Rectum
```
80
How many layers or peritoneum does the greater omentum consist of?
4
81
How many layers does the lesser omentum consist of?
2
82
Which dermatomes supply the arm?
C5-T1
83
What clear histological feature is seen in SI?
Villi
84
What epithelium lines the oesophagus?
Stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium
85
Which lymph nodes drain the fore, mid and hind gut?
Fore - celiac group of LN
Mid - Superior mesenteric LN
Hind - inferior mesenteric LN
86
What is the most common location of the appendix?
Retro-caecal
87
Which 2 structures open into the caecum cavity?
Terminal ileum
| Appendix
88
What is the peritonisation of the rectum?
Intraperitoneal
89
Which blood vessels supply the rectum?
Superior and middle and inferiro rectal artery
90
Which blood vessels drain the rectum?
Superior and middle and inferior rectal veins
91
In which abdominal region is the caecum located?
Right iliac fossa/inguinal
92
Which part of the autonomic NS stimulations decrease the secretion and motility of the intestine and act as a vasoconstrictor?
Sympathetic
93
Are circular fold greater in the jejunim or ileum and why?
Jejunum large tall and closely packed because where most absorption happens
94
How is the duodenum mainly peritonised?
Retroperitoneal
95
How are the jejunum and ileum peritonised?
Intraperitoneal
96
What is the effect of vagal stimulation on the pylorus?
Relaxes it
97
What is the effect of vagal stimulation on gastric secretion?
Increases it
98
What forms the rugae in the stomach?
Gastric mucosa
99
Which sphincter controls the discharge of food from the stomach to the duodenum?
Pyloric
100
Which layer is thickened to make the pyloric sphincter?
Circular layer from muscularis externa
101
What are the 2 curvatures of the stomach?
Lesser and greater
102
Name 2 organs present in right hypochondriac region?
Liver
| GB
103
Which dermatome overlies umbilicus?
T10
104
What is the surface marking of the gall bladder?
Tip of 9th right costal cartilage
| Mid -clavicular line
105
Which layer of peritoneum is pain sensitive?
Parietal
106
Which dermatmoe lies over the nipples?
T4
107
Name a structure that passes through the oesophageal opening?
Vagus nerve
108
Where does the CN X originate?
Medulla
109
Which artery and vein supply the abdomnial oesophagus?
Left gastric artery
| Left gastric vein
110
What does the coeliac trunk bifurcate into?
Common hepatic artery
Left gastric artery
Splenic artery
111
What is the surface marking of McBurney's point?
right side of the abdomen that is one-third of the distance from the anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus (navel)
112
What does the pectinate line divide?
Upper1/3 and lower 2/3 of the anal canal
113
what is the epithelium below and above the pectinate line?
Above - simple columnar
| Below - stratified squamous
114
What secretory cells are present in the stomach?
Pariertal cells
Chief cell
Mucous neck cells
115
Where in the GIT do glands extend into the submucosa?
Oesophagus
116
Give examples of structures that pass through the pyloric plane?
```
Kidney hilum
Pancrease neck
Sphincter of oddi
Hilum of spleen
9th costal cartilage
Fundus GB
```
117
Which vertebral level is the transpyloric plane at?
L1
118
Which organ is the tail of the pancreas closely related to?
Spleen
119
How is the spleen peritonised?
Intra
120
Give functions of the spleen?
Storage of RBC
Filtering of blood
Immunological created WBC
121
What are the 2 major and minor lobes of liver?
Major- right and left
| Minor - caudate and quadrate
122
What is the round ligament of the liver a remenant of?
Left umbilical vein
123
Which ribs are related to the spleen?
9th 10th 11th left ribs
