GIT Pathology

Question 1

How long is the small bowel?

Answer 1

Approx. 6m

Question 2

What are the three divisions of the small bowel?

Answer 2

Duodenum, jejunum and ileum

Question 3

Which parts of the small bowel are retroperitoneal?

Answer 3

1st and 2nd part of the duodenum

Question 4

What finger like projections line the small intestine?

Answer 4

Villi

Question 5

What are villi covered in?

Answer 5

Microvilli

Question 6

Why are villi covered in microvilli?

Answer 6

To increase SA

Question 7

What is the function of goblet cells?

Answer 7

To secret mucous

Question 8

What type of epithelium lines the small intestine?

Answer 8

Simple squamous

Question 9

Why is rarity of cancer in the small intestine so surprising?

Answer 9

Because the cells renew ever 4-6 days meaning there is alot of opportunity for mutation

Question 10

What is the colon divided into?

Answer 10

Caecum 
Ascending 
Transverse 
Descending 
Sigmoid

Question 11

How is the colon peritonised?

Answer 11

Caecum 
Ascending - retro
Transverse - intra
Descending - retro 
Sigmoid

Question 12

Is the rectum in the peritoneal cavity?

Answer 12

No it is out with

Question 13

What are the 2 flexures of the colon?

Answer 13

Hepatic and splenic

Question 14

Where is ischaemia common in the colon?

Answer 14

In the splenic flexure

Question 15

Does the colon have villi?

Answer 15

No

Question 16

Is cancer of the colon common?

Answer 16

Yes

Question 17

What is the main cause of IBD?

Answer 17

Idiopathic

Question 18

What is IBD?

Answer 18

Chronic inflammatory conditions resulting from inappropriate and persistent activation of the mucosal immune system driven by the presence of normal intraluminal flora

Question 19

Is there a single causative organism for IBD?

Answer 19

No

Question 20

What are the 2 main diseases in IBD?

Answer 20

Ulcerative colitis

Crohn’s Disease

Question 21

Where can CD affect?

Answer 21

Anywhere from mouth to anus

Question 22

Where does UC affect?

Answer 22

Only the colon

Question 23

Which gene mutation is associated with CD?

Answer 23

NOD2

Question 24

When does UC peak?

Answer 24

20-30

70-80 yrs

Question 25

Can UC be localised to the rectum?

Answer 25

Yes

Question 26

How does UC spread?

Answer 26

Proximally

Question 27

What are some histological features of UC?

Answer 27

Inflammation of mucosa Crypt abscesses No granulomas

Question 28

Does CD affect more F or M?

Answer 28

F

Question 29

Does CD have granulomas?

Answer 29

Yes

Question 30

What is a potential side affect of CD in the small intestine?

Answer 30

Malabsorption

Question 31

Which IBD demonstrates skip lesions?

Answer 31

CD

Question 32

Where does ulceration take place in CD?

Answer 32

Deep

Question 33

Where does ulceration take place in UC?

Answer 33

Superficially

Question 34

Which vessels are occluded in ischaemic enteritis?

Answer 34

Coeliac SMA IMA

Question 35

What are the consequences of sudden major vessel occlusion?

Answer 35

Transmural injury Acute/chronic hypoperfusion Mucosa +/_ submucosal injury

Question 36

What causes radiation colitis

Answer 36

Abdominal irradiation inflammation of your small and/or large intestine from radiation treatments in your stomach, sexual organs, or rectum.

Question 37

Which type of radiation typically causes radiation colitis?

Answer 37

Rectum-pelvic radiotherapy

Question 38

Which cells are targeted during radiation?

Answer 38

Actively dividing cells

Question 39

What are the symptoms of radiation colitis?

Answer 39

Anorexia Abdominal cramps Diarrhoea Malabsorption

Question 40

What is the histological features of radiation colitis?

Answer 40

``` Later arterial stenosis Ulceration Necrosis Haemorrhage Perforation ```

Question 41

How big are the appendix?

Answer 41

6-7cm

Question 42

What type of organ is the appendix?

Answer 42

Lymphoid tissue ogran

Question 43

What are the features of high grade colon dysplasia?

Answer 43

Carcinoma in situ Crowded Very irregular not yet invasive

Question 44

What are the features of low grade colon dysplasia?

Answer 44

Increased nucleus no. Increased nucleus size Reduced mucin

Question 45

What is the most common type of Colorectal cancer/

Answer 45

Adenocarcinomas

Question 46

What are the risk factors for colorectal cancers?

Answer 46

``` Lifestyle FH IBD UC and CD Genetics FAP HNPCC ```

Question 47

What are the common symptoms of left sided colorectal cancers?

Answer 47

Bleeding Altered bowel habit Obstruction

Question 48

What are the common symptoms of right sided bowel cancer?

Answer 48

Anaemia Vague pain Weakness Obstruction

Question 49

Which classification is used to stage colorectal cancers?

Answer 49

TNM