Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Respiratory > Anatomy of Lungs > Flashcards

Anatomy of Lungs Flashcards

1
Q

Epithelium of the trachea is continuous with what?

A

Larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where does the trachea begin?

A

Anterior to C6 vertebrae
In a ligamentous attachment to cricoid cartilage

Ends in mediastinum, Level with T5 vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the trachea branch into?

A

Right and left primary bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Layers of trachea from deep to superficial?

A 
Mucosa 
Sub-mucosa 
Tracheal cartilages 
Trachealis Muscle
Adventitia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the mucosa of the trachea?

A

Resembles nasal cavity and nasopharynx
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium- ciliated columnar cells and goblet cells
Underlying layer of elastic and reticular fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the sub-mucosa of the trachea?

A

Thick layer of connective tissue
Surrounds mucosa
Contains mucous glands - secretory ducts in epithelial tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the tracheal cartilages?

A

C-shaped

Open portion faces oesophagus - allows for distortion when swallowing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How many tracheal cartilages?

A

15-20

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Role of tracheal cartilages?

A

Stiffen tracheal wall and protect airways

Prevent collapse or over expansion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe trachealis muscle?

A

Band of smooth muscle

Contraction reduces diameter of trachea- increases resistance to airflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What connects the end of each tracheal cartilage?

A

Trachealis muscle and elastic ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What type of stimulation increases the diameter of the trachea?

A

Sympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the carina?

A

Internal ridge separating 2 bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which primary bronchi is larger?

A

Right as it descends at a steeper angle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the groove which primary bronchi travel along called?

A

Hilum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the hilum allow to enter?

A

Pulmonary vessels
Nerves
Lymphatics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How many secondary bronchi?

A

One for each lobe of the lung

therefore 5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do secondary bronchi branch into?

A

bronchioles

which branch into terminal bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Differences between bronchi and larger bronchioles?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
changes to
Simple columnar epithelium with some goblet cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Histology of smaller bronchioles?

A

Ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium with NO goblet cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Histology of terminal bronchioles?

A

Nonciliated simple cuboidal epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What replaces incomplete tracheal rings in primary bronchi?

A

Plates of cartilage - these eventually disappear in distal bronchioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What increases as cartilage decreases in trachea?

A

Smooth muscle increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which 2 neurotransmitters/hormones relax the smooth muscle which will dilate the airways?

A

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What hormone causes airways to constrict?

A

Histamine

26
Q

What membrane separates the two lungs in their chambers?

A

Mediastinum

27
Q

What membranes protect the lungs?

A

Pleural membranes

28
Q

What lines the inside of the thoracic wall?

A

Parietal pleura

29
Q

What membrane surround the actual lungs?

A

Visceral pleura

30
Q

What does the fluid between the pleura do?

A

Reduces friction between the 2 membranes

Causes surface tension causing them to stick together - ensuring the lungs will fill with air on inhalation

31
Q

What does each lung have structurally? (3)

A 
Apex (superior end of lung) 
3 surfaces (costal, mediastinal, diaphragmatic) 
3 borders (anterior, inferior &posterior)
32
Q

How many lobes are in the right lung?

A

3 lobes - Right upper, right middle and right lower

33
Q

How many lobes in left lung?

A

2 lobes- Left upper and left lower

34
Q

Why does the right lung have more lobes?

A

Heart sits in the left of the centre of the thoracic cavity

-Upper left lobe is shaped to accomodate the heart with the presence of the cardiac notch

35
Q

Where does the apex of the lung lie?

A

Superior to the medial thirds of the clavicles

36
Q

Where is the base of the lung?

A

Extends from 6th costal cartilage to the 10th thoracic vertebrae

37
Q

Blood supply of each lung?

A

Pulmonary artery supplying

2 Pulmonary Veins draining oxygenated blood from it

38
Q

What does the bronchial artery do?

A

Supply blood for nutrition to the root of the lung, supporting tissues of the lung and the visceral pleura

39
Q

What do terminal bronchioles branch into?

A

Alveolar ducts

40
Q

Describe an alveolus?

A

Cup shaped outpouching
Lined by simple squamous epithelium
Supported by thin elastic basement membrane

41
Q

Describe an alveolar sac?

A

Consists of 2 or more alveoli which share the same opening

42
Q

Describe a Type 1 alveolar cell?

A

Simple squamous epithelial cells

Forms a nearly continuous lining of alveolar walls

43
Q

What is the main site of gas exchange?

A

Type 1 alveolar cells

44
Q

Which are more common type 1 or type 2 alveolar cells?

A

Type 1 more common

45
Q

Describe type 2 alveolar cells?

A

Round or cuboidal epithelial cells

Free surfaces contain microvilli

46
Q

What do type 2 alveolar cells do?

A

Keeps surface between cells and air moist

Contain surfactant - lowers surface tension of alveolar fluid

47
Q

Describe the respiratory membrane?

A

Alveolar walls=Type 1 or type 2 alveolar cells and alveolar macrophages
Epithelial basement membrane=Underlies the alveolar wall
Capillary basement membrane= often fused with EBM
Capillary endothelium

48
Q

What is the pleura?

A

Serous membrane
2 types
Parietal = covers inner surface of thoracic wall and extends over diaphragm and mediastinum
Visceral= covers outer surface of lungs

49
Q

Function of pleura?

A

Secrete pleural fluid

  • moist slippery coat that provides lubrication
  • Reduces friction between pleura
50
Q

Where do bronchial arteries arise from?

A

Aortic arch, thoracic aorta or their branches (mianly IC arteries)

51
Q

What do bronchial arteries supply?

A

Oxygenated blood to the smooth muscle of the principal artery, intrapulmonary nerve, nerve ganglia, and interstitial lung tissue

52
Q

Where does the blood from the upper airway drain?

A

Into the right atrium

53
Q

Where does blood from the lower airway drain into?

A

Pulmonary veins

54
Q

How are the individual lobes of the lung supplied?

A

Output of the RV passes into the pulmonary arteries with subsequent branches

55
Q

What do the pulmonary veins drain into?

A

Emerge from each lung to empty into left atrium

56
Q

Pulmonary circulation has low resistance and high pressure. True or false?

A

False

Both are low - low resistance and low pressure

57
Q

How is pulmonary blood flow regulated?

A

Arterioles

58
Q

What are pulmonary arterioles regulated by?

A

Alveolar PO2 and PCO2

NOT autonomic nervous regulation

59
Q

What do arterioles constrict in response to?

A

Hypoxia
Hypercapnia

-The blood is diverted to better oxygenated areas

60
Q

How is the lungs response to hypoxia unique?

A

However in the lungs vasocontstriction occurs to divert pulmonary blood from poorly ventilated areas of the lungs to well ventilated

61
Q

What is vasoconstriction in the lungs caused by hypoxia called?

A

Ventilation perfusion coupling

- because the perfusion to each area of the lung matches the extent of ventilation to alveoli in that area

Respiratory (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions