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Respiratory > Physiology 3 > Flashcards

Physiology 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomical dead space?

A

Inspired air that remains in the airways where it is not available for gas exchange

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2
Q

Pulmonary ventilation equation

A

Pulmonary ventilation (L)= Tidal volume (L/breath) x Respiratory rate (breath/min) under resting conditions

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3
Q

Difference between alveolar ventilation and pulmonary ventilation?

A

Alveolar ventilation is less due to presence of anatomical dead space

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4
Q

Alveolar ventilation equation?

A

Alveolar ventilation (L)- Tidal volume- dead space volume) x Respiratory rate under resting conditions

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5
Q

Pulmonary ventilation?

A

Volume of air breathed in and out per minute

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6
Q

Alveolar ventilation?

A

Volume of air exchanged between atmosphere and alveoli per minute

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7
Q

Why is alveolar ventilation more important?

A

Represents new air available for gas exchange within the blood

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8
Q

How to increase pulmonary ventilation?

A

Depth (TV) and rate of breathing increases

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9
Q

Why is dead anatomical space significant?

A

To increase pulmonary ventilation t is more advantageous to increase the depth of breathing instead of the rate of breathing (Although both increase)

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10
Q

What does the transfer of gases around the body depend on?

A

Ventilation

Perfusion

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11
Q

Perfusion

A

Rate at which blood is passing through the lungs

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12
Q

Ventilation

A

Rate at which gas is passing through the lungs

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13
Q

When does differing alveolar and arterial partial pressures being different have a significant effect? and what is it due to?

A

In disease

Blood flow and ventilation varying from the top to the bottom of the lung

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14
Q

What are ventilated alveoli that are nit adequately perfused with blood considered as?

A

Alveolar dead space

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15
Q

Alveolar dead space in

a) Healthy
b) Diseased

A

a) Very small and of little importance

b) could increase significantly

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16
Q

Physiological dead space equals

A

anatomical + alveolar dead space

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17
Q

What leads to accumulation of CO2 in the alveoli?

A

Increased perfusion

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18
Q

What does accumulation of CO2 in the airway cause?

A

Decreased airway resistance

Increased airflow

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19
Q

What causes an increase in alveolar O2 concentration?

A

Increased Ventilation

20
Q

What does increased concentration of 02 alveolar cause?

A

Pulmonary vasodilation

Increased blood flow to match larger airflow

21
Q

O2 decreases in the area? (Perfusion is greater than ventilation)

A

Constriction of local blood vessels

Blood flow decreases

22
Q

CO2 decreases in the area? (Ventilation greater than perfusion)

A

Constriction of local airways

Airflow decrease

23
Q

Effect of decreased O2 on pulmonary arterioles?

A

Vasoconstriction

24
Q

Effect of increased O2 on pulmonary arterioles?

A

Vasodilation

25
Q

Effect of
a) Decreased O2
b) Increased O2
on systemic arterioles?

A

a) Vasodilation

b) Vasoconstriction

26
Q

4 factors that influence the rate of gas exchange across an alveolar membrane?

A

Partial pressure gradient of O2 and CO2
Diffusion coefficient for O2 and CO2
Surface area of the alveolar membrane
Thickness of alveolar membrane

27
Q

Daltons law of partial pressure letter equation?

A

Ptotal= P1 + P2 +… + Pn

28
Q

Daltons law of partial pressure word equation?

A

The total pressure exerted by a gaseous mixture

The sum of the partial pressures of each individual component in the gas mixture

29
Q

Partial pressure of Gas definition?

A

The pressure that one gas in a mixture of gases would exert if it were the only gas present in the whole volume occupied by the mixture at a given temperature

30
Q

Alveolar Gas equation?

A

PAO2=
PiO2- [PaCO2/0.8]

PAO2=Partial pressure of 02 in alveolar air
PiO2= Partial pressure of O2 in inspired air
PaC02=Partial pressure of CO2 in arterial blood
0.8 is the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) (ratio of CO2 produced/ O2 consumed for someone eating a mixed diet

31
Q

What does water vapour pressure contribute to to the total pressure of the lungs?

A

47mmHg

32
Q

Pressure of inspired air=

A

Atmospheric pressure - water vapour pressure

760- 47= 713mmHg at sea level

33
Q

Pi02=

A

713 x 0.21 v=150mmHg

34
Q

Which is more soluble in membranes Co2 or O2?

A

CO2
Diffusion coefficient is 20 times that of 02
Partial pressure gradient of CO2 is much smaller than partial pressure gradient of O2

35
Q

Diffusion coefficient for gas?

A

Solubility of gases in membranes

36
Q

Fick’s Law of Diffusion

A

The amount of gas that moves across a sheet of tissue in unit time is proportional to the area of the sheet but inversely proportional to its thickness

37
Q

How do lungs provide a large SA for gas exchange?

+ what is their circulation like

A

Airways repeatedly divide
Small airways divide into alveoli

Extensive pulmonary capillary network

38
Q

Fun fact about pulmonary capillary network?

A

Receives entire cardiac output

39
Q

Alveoli
Description
Function

A

Thin walled inflatable sacs

Function in gas exchange

40
Q

Walls of alveoli

A

Walls consist of single layer of flattened Type 1 alveolar cells

41
Q

What encircles each alveolus

A

Pulmonary capillaries

42
Q

As partial pressure of CO2/ O2 increases?

A

Rate of Transfer of gases increases

43
Q

As the diffusion concentration gradient increases?

A

Rate of gas transfer increases

44
Q

SA of alveolar membrane increases?

A

Rate of gas transfer increases

45
Q

Thickness of alveolar membrane increases?

A

Rate of gas transfer decreases

46
Q

Non respiratory functions of respiratory system?

A
  • Route for water loss and heat elimination
  • Enhances venous return (cardiovascular physiology)
  • Helps maintain normal acid-base balance (Resp & Renal physiology)
  • Enables speech, singing and other vocalizations
  • Defends against inhaled foreign matter
  • Removes, modified, activates or inactivates various materials passing through the pulmonary circulation
  • Nose serves as organ of smell

Respiratory (12 decks)

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