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Respiratory > Collated Notes > Flashcards

Collated Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

Intracellular mechanism which consumes 02 and produces CO2

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2
Q

What is external respiration?

A

Events that lead to exchange of O2 and CO2 between the external environment and the cells of the body

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3
Q

How many steps in external respiration?

A

4 steps

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4
Q

4 steps of external respiration?

A

1- Ventilation = Mechanical process of moving gas in and out of the lungs 2- Gas exchange between alveoli and blood = exchange of 02 and CO2 between air in alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries 3- Gas transport in the blood= Binding/transporting of O2 and CO2 in blood 4- Gas exchange at tissue level= Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the blood in the systemic capillaries and the body cells

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5
Q

Describe ventilation?

A

Mechanical process of moving gas in and out of the lungs

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6
Q

Describe gas exchange between alveoli and blood?

A

Exchange of CO2 and O2 between air in alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries

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7
Q

Describe gas transport in the blood?

A

Binding and transporting of O2 and CO2 in the blood

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8
Q

Describe gas exchange at tissue level?

A

Exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood in systemic capillaries and the body cells

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9
Q

What must the pressures be like for air to flow into the lungs during inspiration?

A

Intra alveolar pressures must be less than atmospheric pressures

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10
Q

What is Boyles law?

A

As volume of gas increases the pressure exerted by the gas decreases

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11
Q

Forces holding the thoracic wall and lungs in close opposition?

A

Intra-plural fluid cohesiveness Negative intra-pleural pressure (sub-atmospheric pressure forces lungs to expand outwards)

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12
Q

3 pressures important in ventilation?

A

Atmospheric Intra-alveolar Intra-pleural

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13
Q

What type of process is inspiration? Compare this to normal resting expiration?

A

Active = inspiration passive = Expiration

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14
Q

What muscles are used in normal resting breathing?

A

Diaphragm - increases thorax vertically by contraction External intercostal muscle- Contraction lifts ribs and moves out sternum

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15
Q

How lungs recoil during expiration?

A

Elastic connective tissue Alveolar surface tension (Most important)

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16
Q

Law of laplace?

A

Smaller alveoli have a higher tendency to collapse (P= 2T/r)

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17
Q

What does pulmonary surfactant do?

A

Lowers the surface tension of smaller alveoli thus preventing their collapse

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18
Q

What does pulmonary surfactant consist of?

A

Lipids and proteins

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19
Q

Fact about respiratory distress syndrome?

A

It is caused by premature babies not producing enough pulmonary surfactant

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20
Q

Muscles of active expiration?

A

Internal intercostal muscles Abdominal muscles

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21
Q

Accessory muscles of inspiration?

A

Sternocleidomastoid Scalenus (runs deep to^)

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22
Q

Inspiratory capacity definition?

A

Max vol. of air that can be inspired at end of normal quiet expiration (IC = IRV + TV)

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23
Q

Equation for inspiratory capacity?

A

IC= IRV + TV

24
Q

What does IRV stand for?

A

Inspiratory reserve volume

25
Q

Tv stands for?

A

Tidal volume

26
Q

Look wow

A
27
Q

What is the vital capacity?

A

Max vol. of air that can be moved out during single breath following max. inspiration (VC = IRV + TV + ERV)

28
Q

Equation for vital capacity?

A

VC = IRV + TV + ERV

VC= vital capacity

IRV= Inspiratory reserve volume

TV= Tidal volume

ERV= Expiratory reserve volume

29
Q

Equation for total lung capacity?

A

Vital capacity + residual volume

30
Q

You can measure total lung capacity with spirometry. True or false?

A

False

31
Q

What disease makes residual volume increase?

A

Emphysema

Elastic recoil of the lungs is lost

32
Q

Lung diseases and spirometry diagram?

A
33
Q

Equation for flow and pressure and radius?

A

Flow= Change in pressure/resistence

34
Q

What is compliance of the lungs?

A

Measure of effort that has to go into stretching or distending the lungs.

35
Q

Diseases which have decreased lung compliance?

A

Pulmonary fibrosis

Oedema

Collapse

Pneumonia

Absence of surfactant

36
Q

Diseases with increased compliance?

A

Emphysema

Lungs are hyper-inflated

patients have to work harder to get air out

37
Q

What increases the work of breathing?

A

Pulmonary compliance is decreased

Airway resistence is increased

Elastic recoil is decreased

Need for increased ventilation

38
Q

Definition of pulmonary ventilation?

A

Volume of air breathed in and out per minute

39
Q

Equation for pullmonary ventilation?

A

Tidal volume x resp rate

40
Q

Definition of alveolar ventilation?

A

Volume of air exchanged between the atmosphere and alveoli per minute

41
Q

Equation for alveolar ventilation?

A

(Tidal volume - dead space) x resp rate

42
Q

What is ventilation perfusion matching dependant on?

A

Ventilation (rate gas passes through lungs)

and

Perfusion (Rate which blood is passing through lungs)

43
Q

What is alveolar dead space?

A

Ventilated alveoli which are not adequately perfused with blood

44
Q

What is physiological dead space?

A

Anatomical dead space + alveolar dead space

45
Q

When can alveolar dead space increase?

A

In disease

46
Q

Local controls which operate to match perfusion and ventilation in the lungs?

1) When ventilation is larger than perfusion
2) When perfusion is larger than ventilation

A

1) Decreased C02 constriction of airways

Increased 02 dilation of blood vessels

2) Increased CO2 dilation of airways

Decreased 02 constriction of blood vessels

47
Q

4 factors which affect gas transfer across the alveolar membrane?

A
  • Partial pressure gradient of O2 and CO2
  • Diffusion coefficient for O2 and CO2
  • Surface area of alvelar membrane
  • Thickness of alveolar membrane
48
Q

Dalton’s law of partila pressure?

A

Total pressure= Sum of each indiviudal component in a gas mixture

49
Q

PA02?

A

Partial pressure of O2 in alveolar air

50
Q

PiO2?

A

Partila pressure of O2 in inspired air

51
Q

Alveolar gas Equation?

A

PA02= PiO2 - [PaCO2/0.8]

52
Q

What would a big gradient between PAO2 (alveolar) and PiO2 (arterial) suggest?

A

Indicate problems with gas exchange in the lungs

Or

A right to left shunt in the heart

53
Q

Diffusion coefficient (solubility of gas in membrane) of CO2 compared to O2?

A

20 x that of O2

54
Q

Ficks law of diffusion?

A

The amount of gas that moves across a tissue is proportional to the area of the sheet BUT inversely proportional to its thickness. (so thicker = less exchange)

55
Q
A

Respiratory (12 decks)

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