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ANP1106 > anatomy of nervous system 2 > Flashcards

anatomy of nervous system 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What and where is the spinal cord

A

From the foramen magnum to the L1 or L2

Function: provides 2 way communication to and from brain, contains major spinal reflex centers, initiates complex patterns of motor activity

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2
Q

31 cranial nerve pair exit the spinal cord via the ______

A

intravertrebral foramen

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3
Q

What are the two things holding the spinal cord in place

A
  1. Denticulate ligaments: secure spinal cord horizontally
  2. Filum terminale: secure spinal cord vertically by connecting it to coccyx
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4
Q

What is the cauda equina

A

spinal roots making their way down the spinal cord before their exit “horses tail”

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5
Q

What are the two lengthwise grooves that partially divide the spinal cord into right and left halves

A

Ventral (anterior) median fissure
Dorsal (posterior) median sulcus

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6
Q

How is the gray matter in the spinal cord organized like butterfly wings

A

paired anterior and posterior horns connected by gray commissure

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7
Q

small lateral horns of the spinal cord are associated with _____ and ______ _____ regions of the cord

A

thoracic and superior lumbar

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8
Q

What are the dorsal horns of the spinal cord

A

interneurons that receive somatic and visceral sensory output

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9
Q

What are lateral horns of the spinal cord

A

symapthetic motor neurons to visceral organs; also exit via ventral roots.
Associated with thoracic and superior lumbar regions of spinal cord

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10
Q

What is gray commissure

A

connects masses of gray matter; encloses the central canal

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11
Q

What are the ventral/anterior horns

A

bodies of somatic motor neurons- axons exit via ventral roots.
largest at levels of cervical and lumbar enlargments

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12
Q

What are dorsal roots of the spinal cord

A

Sensory input to the cord: afferent fibers from periphery sensory receptors form the dorsal roots

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13
Q

What are dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord

A

house cell bodies of associated sensory neurons - their axons enter cord to synapse with interneurons in posterior horns and travel to higher brain centers

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14
Q

What are spinal nerves

A

formed by the fusion of dorsal and ventral roots

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15
Q

What are ventral roots

A

bundles of motor neurons axons that exit the spinal cord

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16
Q

What are the three directions that white matter runs in the spinal cord

A

Ascending: up to higher centers (sensory inputs)
Descending: from brain to cord or lower cord levels
Transverse: from one side to other (commissural fibers)

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17
Q

White matter of the spinal cord is divided into three funiculi (white columns) on each side. What are they?

A

Dorsal, lateral, ventral

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18
Q

What are the 4 general properties about spinal tracts

A
  1. Decussation: must cross from one side of CNS to other
  2. Relay: consist of chain of two or three neurons
  3. Precise spatial relationship in CNS correspond to spatial relationship in body
  4. Symmetry: pathways are paired symmetrically (right and left)
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19
Q

What are the 4 things involved in the protection of the brain

A

Bones
Meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid
Blood-brain barrier

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20
Q

What are meninges

A

3 CT membranes (dura, arachnoid and pia mater) that cover and protect CNA, protect blood vessels, contains CSF, and form partitions within skull

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21
Q

What is the Dura mater

A

strongest meninx, has 2 layers of fibrous connective tissue around brain:
Outer periosteal layer and Inner Meningeal layer

These two layers are fused except where they seperate to form dural sinuses

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22
Q

What is the dural septa

A

These are folded regions of the meningeal dura mater. Limit excessive movement and partition brain.
There are 3 types

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23
Q

What are the three types of dural septa

A
  1. Falx cerebri: in longitudinal fissue, attached to crista galli
  2. Falx Cerebelli: along vermis of cerebellum
  3. Tentorium cerebelli: horizontal dural fold over cerebellum and in transverse fissure
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24
Q

What is the arachnoid mater

A

loose covering seperated from dura mater by subdural space.
Subarachnoid space between arachnoid and pia mater- filled CSF and contains largest blood vessels in brain

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25
Q

What is the Pia mater

A

delicate CT and tiny blood vessels- clings tightly to brain, follows convolutions

26
Q

What is CSF

A

liquid cushion to give bouyancy to CNS tissues; also protective and nutritive roles

27
Q

What is the choroid plexuses

A

in the roof of each ventricle; produce CSF at constant rate; keeps motion.
Also cleans CSF

28
Q

What are the three layers of the blood brain barrier

A
  1. Continuous endothelium of capillary walls (impermeable tight junctions)
  2. Thick basal lamina surrounding external face of capillary (contains enzymes to destroy chemicals)
  3. Bulbous feet of astrocytes and pericytes (maintain endothelial cells and stimulate formation of very tight junctions)
29
Q

What is the formation and circulation of the CSF

A
  1. CSF is produced by choroid plexus of each ventricle
  2. CSF flows through the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space via the median and lateral apertures. Some CSF flows through the central canal of the spinal cord
  3. CSF flows through the subarachnoid space
  4. CSF is absorbed into the Dural venous sinuses via arachnoid villi
30
Q

What is the PNS

A

All neural structures outside brain

Provides links from and to world outside body

Paired spinal and cranial nerves

31
Q

What is the structure of a nerve

A

cordline organ. bundle of myelinated and nonmyelinated peripheral axons enclosed by connective tissue

32
Q

What are the three connective tissue coverings of a nerve

A
  1. Endoneurium: loose connective tissue that encloses axons and their myelin or neurilemma sheath
  2. Perineurium: coarse connective tissue that bundles fibers into fascicles
  3. Epineurium: tough fibrous sheath around a nerve
33
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves

A
  1. Olfactory (I)
  2. Optic (II)
  3. Oculomotor (III)
  4. Trochlear (IV)
  5. Trigeminal (V)
  6. Abducens (VI)
  7. Facial (VII)
  8. Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
  9. Glossopharyngeal (IX)
  10. Vagus (X)
  11. Accessory (XI)
  12. Hypoglossal (XII)
34
Q

First ____ pairs of nerves attach to forebrain, rest originate from _____

A

two, brainstem

35
Q

What is mnemonic for the cranial nerves

A

On Occasion, Out Trusty Truck Acts Funny - Very Good Vehicle AnyHow

36
Q

What is mnemonic for the sensory/motor/both function of cranial nerves

A

Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says (its) Bad Business (to) Marry Money

37
Q

What is the Olfactory Nerve (I)

A

Afferent sensory fibers for smell

From nasal mucosa to olfactory bulb, fibers of olfactory bulb neurons extend as olfactory tract to primary olfactory cortex

38
Q

What is the Optic Nerve (II)

A

Afferent Sensory fibers for vision

Fibers from retina form optic nerve which passes through optic forament of orbit

39
Q

What is the Oculomotor nerves (III)

A

Mixed motor nerves to extrinsic eye muscles, “eye mover”

Fibers extend from ventral midbrain through superior orbital fissure to four of six extrinsic eye muscles

40
Q

What is the Trochlear Nerves (IV)

A

Motor fibers from dorsal midbrain to superior oblique eye muscle

Innervates one pair of extrinsic eye muscle

41
Q

What is the Trigeminal nerves (V)

A

Largest cranial nervs, fibers extend from pons to face. Three divisions: Ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular

V1 and V2 are sensory fibers, V3 is motor fiber

42
Q

What is the abducens nerves (VI)

A

primarily motor to lateral rectus muscle

Controls extrinsic eye muscle that abducts eyeball

43
Q

What is the Vestibulocochlear nerves (VII)

A

sensory fibers from hearing receptors (cochlear division) and equillibrium receptors.

Mostly sensory function, small motor component

44
Q

What are the Facial Nerves (VII)

A

motor function include facial expression: parasympathetic impulses to lacrimal and salivary glands
sensory function (taste)

From pons to lateral face, large nerve with 5 major branches

45
Q

What are the Glossopharngeal nerves (IX)

A

“tongue and pharynx”, mixed nerves to and from medulla

Sensory: taste, touch, etc.
Motor: innervate tongue and pharynx for swollowing

46
Q

What is the Vagus Nerve (X)

A

only cranial nerve to extend beyond head/neck region

Mixed nerves to and from medially

Motor to regulate activity of organs
Sensory to regulate carotid sinus

47
Q

What is the accessory nerve (XI)

A

accessory part of vagus nerve
Mixed nerve

48
Q

What is the hypoglossal nerves (XII)

A

“beneath tongue” primarily motor

49
Q

What are spinal nerves

A

31 pairs of mixed nerves.
Almost immediately after exit from formanen, each spinal nerve branches into a dorsal ramus and a ventral ramus

50
Q

What is the difference between root and ramus

A

Roots: Originate from the spinal cord and combine to form the spinal nerve.

Rami: Result from the splitting of the spinal nerve after its formation

51
Q

How many spinal nerves are in each part of the vertebral column

A

Cervical: 8 (because the first one starts ABOVE the first vertebrae)
Thoracic: 12
Lumbar: 5
Coccygeal: 1

52
Q

Apart from T1 to T12, all ventral rami _____ and make lateral connections called _____

A

branch, nerve plexuses

53
Q

What is the Cervical Plexus

A

Area of spinal nerves around neck.
Formed by ventral rami of nerves C1 to C5
Mostly form cutaneous nerves (skin)
Contains PHRENIC NERVE: goes to diaphragm, allows you to breathe in

54
Q

What is the Brachial Plexus

A

area of spinal nerves around upper limb
Made of nerves from C5 to C8 and most of T1

55
Q

What are the 5 nerves that originate from the Brachial Plexus

A
  1. Musculocutaneous nerve: to biceps brachii and brachialis to flex arm
  2. Median: flexor muscles in anterior forearm and into palm, pronate forearm, flex fingers, oppose thumb
  3. Axillary: nerve to shoulder (deltoid muscle)
  4. Radial: largest- to humerus and dorsal part of hand. (elbow extension, supination, abduction of thumb)
  5. Ulnar: medial to elbow and follow ulna along medial forearm. (wrist and finger flexion)
56
Q

What is the important nerve from the anterolateral thorax (T2 - T12)

A

Intercostal nerves: to intercostal muscles; anterolateral thorax. Important for deep breathing

57
Q

What is the Lumbar Plexus

A

Area of spinal nerves from L1-L4. Innervates thigh, abdominal wall, and psoas muscle

58
Q

What are the two important nerves from the lumbar plexus

A
  1. Femoral nerve: innervates anterior thigh muscles (thigh flexors and knee extensors)
  2. Obturator Nerve: innervate medial thigh (adductor muscles)
59
Q

What is the sacral plexus

A

Area of spinal nerves from L4-S4. Innervates butt, lower limb, pelvic, and perineum

60
Q

WHat are the 5 important nerves from the Sacral plexus

A
  1. Superior and Inferior gluteal nerves: to buttocks
  2. Pudendal nerve: muscles and skin of perineum (erection, voluntary urination)
  3. Sciatic Nerve: longest and thickest nerve of body. Posterior thigh (hamstring muscle) then branches into…
  4. Common fibular nerve: ro knee calf and dorsum of foot
  5. Tibial: knee to posterior calf and sole of foot
61
Q

What is dermatome

A

Area of skin innervated by cutaneous branches of single spinal nerves
All spinal nerves except C1 participate

ANP1106 (11 decks)

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