Anatomy of the Cell

Question 1

Gross anatomy - Surface anatomy

Answer 1

general form and surface markings

Question 2

Gross anatomy - Regional anatomy

Answer 2

organization of specific areas

Question 3

Gross anatomy - systemic anatomy

Answer 3

structure of organ systems (organs that function together)

Question 4

Microscopic anatomy - cytology

Answer 4

structure of individual cells

Question 5

Microscopic anatomy - histology

Answer 5

structure of tissues (cells that work together)

Question 6

Cellular physiology

Answer 6

individual cell function

Question 7

Organ physiology

Answer 7

function of specific organs
- the heart

Question 8

Systemic physiology

Answer 8

function of specific organ systems
- cardiovascular
- respiratory
- etc.

Question 9

Pathological physiology

Answer 9

how disease impacts normal function
- cellular
- organ
- systemic

Question 10

Molecular level

Answer 10

molecules formed from atoms can function individually or in molecular complexes
- structure imparts function

Question 11

Cellular

Answer 11

cells are smallest single unit of life

Question 12

Tissue

Answer 12

group of cells working together to produce a specific function

Question 13

Cells

Answer 13

building blocks of specialized cells
- capable of performing every type of function that body is capable of
- exhibit 200 modes of specialization

Question 14

What can cell membranes afford?

Answer 14

Afford protection or functional isolation

Question 15

Membranes form _______________ _______________ _______________ by use of various proteins in the membrane

Answer 15

selectively permeable barriers

Question 16

Lipid bilayer

Answer 16

acts as a solvent for integral membrane proteins

Question 17

Hydrophilic

Answer 17

“heads”

Question 18

Hydrophobic

Answer 18

fatty acid “tails”

Question 19

What is the function of the lipid bilayer?

a) selective transport
b) specific interactions via anchored receptors
c) intracellular and extracellular anchors
d) endocytosis and exocytosis
e) protection and sequestration
f) all of the above

Answer 19

selective transport, specific interactions via anchored receptors, intracellular and extracellular anchors, endocytosis and exocytosis, protection and sequestration

Question 20

The presence of a nucleus separates cells referred to as eucaryotes from cells with no nucleus is called __________

Answer 20

procaryotes (bacteria)

Question 21

What does the nucleus contain?

a) cytoplasm
b) chromatin
c) RNA
d) B and C are correct
e) all of the above

Answer 21

Chromatin and RNA

Question 22

Dark chromatin

Answer 22

inactive packed form

Question 23

Light chromatin

Answer 23

actively transcribed and unfolded

Question 24

What is the nucleus enclosed by?

a) ribosomes
b) bilipid membrane
c) nuclear pores
d) chromatin

Answer 24

bilipid membrane

Question 25

What is the outer layer of the bilipid membrane continuous with?

Answer 25

Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached

Question 26

What does the nuclear membrane contain? For what purpose?

Answer 26

Nuclear pores which allows the passage of signaling molecules and RNA in/out of nucleus

Question 27

What is the site where ribosomal RNA is transcribed and assembled into ribosomes? (where ribosomes are built)

Answer 27

Nucleolu

Question 28

The nucleus contains one or more _________

Answer 28

nucleoli

Question 29

Ribosomes translate _____ into proteins

Answer 29

RNA

Question 30

Most commonly associated with synthesis of proteins to be used "In house"

Answer 30

Free ribosomes

Question 31

Synthesizing proteins for secretion outside the cell

Answer 31

Ribosomes attached to endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Question 32

What does the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) consist of?

Answer 32

flattened cisternae or tubules

Question 33

What are the primary functions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) ? a) synthesis b) transport c) modification d) all of the above

Answer 33

Synthesis, transport, and modification

Question 34

T/F: Does the presence of ribosomes on the surface of the ER lend a "rough" appearance for ER most used for protein synthesis.

Answer 34

True

Question 35

What is the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 35

bound vesicles responsible for further transport, modification and packaging of newly synthesized proteins

Question 36

What does the Golgi receive?

Answer 36

newly synthesized proteins from the ER and adds sugar and packages into vesicles for export out of cell

Question 37

What are secretion granules?

Answer 37

The golgi apparatus transport vesicles

Question 38

What does mitochondria produce?

Answer 38

ATP, the energy unit of cell, by oxidation of amino acids, lipids, and carbohydrates

Question 39

What is the anaerobic breakdown of glucose?

Answer 39

glycolysis

Question 40

Where does glycolysis take place?

Answer 40

cytoplasm

Question 41

Aerobic mechanism

Answer 41

respiration

Question 42

Where does respiration take place?

Answer 42

mitochondria

Question 43

T/F The mitochondria is not membrane bound

Answer 43

False; it is membrane bound

Question 44

Inner layer thrown into numerous characteristics folds

Answer 44

Cristae

Question 45

All ________ cells have cytoskeleton

Answer 45

eukaryotic

Question 46

Functions of cytoskeleton a) structural support b) locomotion c) protection d) differentiation e) cell division f) intracellular transport g) A, B, D, E, F h) all of the above

Answer 46

Structural support, locomotion, differentiation, cell division, intracellular transport

Question 47

Microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments/actin filaments

Answer 47

The principle components of cytoskeleton

Question 48

What are microtubules responsible for?

Answer 48

transport, cell polarity, and cell division

Question 49

What are intermediate filaments responsible for?

Answer 49

structural integrity-made of several cell-specific proteins varying by cell type

Question 50

What are microfilaments/actin filaments responsible for?

Answer 50

cell movement, phagocytosis, secretion, and other membrane related functions

Question 51

What is critical for cytoskeletal membrane integrity which if breached, cell will die?

Answer 51

microfilaments / actin filaments

Question 52

Microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs)

Answer 52

cytoskeleton-associated proteins required for bonding different elements together, as well as ensuring membrane integrity, vesicle release during synaptic transmission

Question 53

What organelles contain enzymes used to digest endocytosed material and are very acidic?

Answer 53

lysosomes

Question 54

What organelles are formed from the ER and contain enzymes that aid in metabolism of fatty acids and help rid cell of toxic peroxides?

Answer 54

peroxisomes

Question 55

What are barrel shaped chucks of microtubules formed from nine triplets

Answer 55

Microtubule organizing centers (MTOC)

Question 56

A pair of centrioles form a centrosome which is important for what?

Answer 56

guidance of cell division