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Anatomy and Physiology > Respiration > Flashcards

Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the functions of the respiratory system (3)

A

1) move large volumes of air to respiratory exchange surface/to meet function demands
2) protect respiratory surfaces from enviro challenges
3) produce phonation for communication
4) facilitate detection of olfactory stimuli

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2
Q

upper airway consists of what?

A

oral cavity
nasal cavity
sinuses
pharynx

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3
Q

lower airway consists of what?

A

larynx
trachea
lungs

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4
Q

epithelium + underlying areolar connective tissue

A

respiratory mucosa

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5
Q

what is the areolar connective tissue

A

lamina propria

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6
Q

respiratory mucosa reflects a gradient that varies by what regions?

A
  • type of epithelium
  • epithelial specializations
  • role of smooth muscle
  • connective tissue (cartilage, glands, elastic fibers)
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7
Q

you should be able to predict histology based on what known functions:

A

secretion
transport
absorption
constriction/dilation
protection against abrasion
gaseous exchange

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8
Q

how does respiratory system handle airbone pathogens that make challenges for the defense mechanisms

A

mucous produced by goblet cells and mucous glands
ciliated epithelium
alveolar macrophages

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9
Q

nasal and oral cavities represent _________ for air flow

A

parallel routes

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10
Q

nasal cavity is lined with _____________

A

pesudostratified columnar epithelium

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11
Q

oral cavity is lined with _________

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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12
Q

tracheal cartilage is absent in __________ wall against the esophagus

A

posterior

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13
Q

trachea splits in L and R primary bronchi and mucosa here has a ________________ epithelium, which continues throughout major bronchi

A

ciliated, pseudostratified columnar

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14
Q

lungs are bilateral however not symmetrical because the right lung has ____ lobes (w oblique and horizontal fissues) and the left lung has ___ lobes (oblique fissure)

A

3 for right; 2 for left

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15
Q

a true fractal model of biological tissue contains _______ bifurcations

A

20-27

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16
Q

what epithelium do the follow fractal branches contain:
- trachea
- primary (L&R) bronchi
- secondary (lobar) bronchi
- segmental bronchi
- subsegmental bronchi
- small bronchi

A

ciliated, pseudostratified columnar

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17
Q

what epitheliums do the follow fractal branches contain:
- bronchioles
- terminal bronchioles
- respiratory bronchioles

A

simple cuboidal

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18
Q

what epitheliums do the follow fractal branches contain:
- alveolar ducts/sacs

A

simple squamous

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19
Q

two layered membranes that promote effortless movement or reduce friction

A

serous membranes

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20
Q

what are examples of serous membranes in the body

A
  • pericardium of heart and pleura of lungs
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21
Q

what do the serous membranes of the lungs consist of (3)

A

visceral layer (innermost layer)
parietal layer (outerlayer)
pleural cavity = potential space

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22
Q

what are the conditions affection in the serous membranes of the lungs (2)

A

pneumothorax (air getting into lungs-hard to breathe- lung collapse)
pleurisy (pleuritis - with bacteria in potential space / friction / painful)

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23
Q

what are the functional contributions of the ribcage

A

tension
- provides effortless expiration after muscles expand the ribcage
- association with parietal pleura allows for muscular control of inspiration
( at rest = diaphragm or active = other thoracic muscles)

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24
Q

association with parietal pleura (outermost) allows for muscular control of _______

A

inspiration

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25
what are the muscles of respiration / breathing
thoracic muscles - intercostal muscles - anterior/posterior thorax neck muscles abdominal muscles postural (spinal) muscles
26
diaphragm: increase thoracic volume = _____ pressure
decrease
27
run from inner margin of each rib to upper margin on rib above
internal intercostals
28
run from lower margin of each rib to upper margin of next lower rib
external intercostals
29
what are the functions of intercostal muscles
keep thoracic contents contains during respiration AND aid in lifting ribs (external) and depressing ribcage (external)
30
neck muscle sternocleidomastoid originates where?
at mastoid portion of temporal bone and inserts on sternum & clavicle
31
neck muscles scalenus originates where?
at cervical vertebra and inserts on lateral regions of ribs 1 and 2
32
what is the function of the neck muscles
aids respiration (Inspiration) by lifting upper ribs
33
what are the anterior thoracic muscles
pec major pec minor serratus anterior
34
what is the function of the anterior thoracic muscles
act to raise ribcage during inspiration
35
runs from clavicle & sternum and inserts on humerus
pec major
36
lies beneath pec major and runs from anterior surfaces of ribs 3-5 and attaches to scapula
pec minor
37
originates at upper 8-9 ribs and inserts on the scapula
serratus anterior
38
what are the posterior thoracic muscles
latissimus dorsi serratus posterior superior serratus posterior inferior
39
originates at lowest thoracic vertebrae, lower ribs and lumbar fascia and inserts on humerus
latissimus dorsi
40
originates from lower cervical and upper thoracic vertbrae and inserts on posterior aspect of upper ribs (2-5)
serratus posterior superior
41
originates from lower thoracic and upper lumbar vertebrae and inserts on posterior aspect of lowest four ribs - depressor of ribcage
serratus posterior inferior
42
what is are the functions of the posterior thoracic muscles a) latissimus dorsi and serratus posterior superior b) serratus posterior inferior
a) elevate ribs b) depress ribs
43
what does the abdominal wall consist of
4 layers of muscles
44
what do the abdominal wall muscles function for
to contain abdominal contents during forced expiration
45
what are the muscles of the abdominal wall (deepest layer to most superfical?
1) transverse abdominis 2) internal obliques 3) external oblques 4) rectus abdominis
46
passive - diaphragm and postural stabilizing muscles active - pectoralis major/minor, intercostal muscles, and neck+back muscles
inspiration
47
passive - elastic recoil of lung tissue and thoracic wall (tension of rib cage) active - lateral internal intercostal, serratus posterior inferior, abdominal wall muscles
expiration
48
what does a spirometry do
measure air volumes & capacities
49
what is the surfactant that pertains to spirometry
phospholipid secreted by Type II - decreases surface tension & helps stablize (prevent alveolar units from collapsing at lower alveolar pressures)
50
(5) measure of lung volumes often using a spirometer
tidal volume expiratory reserve volume residual volume minimal volume inspiratory reserve volume
51
amt of air moved during single respiratory cycle
tidal volume
52
additional possible expiration (immediately following resting respiration) using accessory muscles
expiratory reserve volume
53
air left in lungs follow a max expiration (with anatomical dead space)
residual volume
54
air left if the lungs were to collapse
minimal volume
55
additional inspiration immediately following resting inspiration
inspiratory reserve volume
56
dead space is NOT used for respiration or ____________
gaseous exchange
57
spirometry
58
the max inspiration following a resting respiration cycle
inspiratory capacity
59
air remaining in lungs following a resting expiration
functional residual capacity
60
max volume of air for a single respiratory cycle
vital capacity
61
total volume of lungs
total lung capacity

Anatomy and Physiology (17 decks)

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