Anatomy of the Endocrine System

Question 1

In which bone does the PG sit?

Answer 1

In the sphenoid bone

Question 2

What is the hollow called where the PG sits?

Answer 2

Hypophysial fossa

In the sphenoid bone

Question 3

How is the PG related to the optic chiasma?

Answer 3

Optic chiasma lies directly superior

Question 4

Which fibres from the optic nerve cross over to the opposite side at the chiasm?

Answer 4

Nasal

Question 5

What is the visual defect if the PG pushes on the optic chiasma?

Answer 5

Bitemporal hemianopia

Question 6

Which is the larger lobe of the PG?

Answer 6

Anterior

Question 7

Which part of the PG has an endocrine function?

Answer 7

Anterior

Question 8

Which part of the PG has a neuroendocrine function?

Answer 8

Posterior PG

Question 9

Where does the posterior PG extend from?

Answer 9

Hypothalamus

Question 10

Which hormones does the posterior PG secrete?

Answer 10

Oxytocin

Vasopressin

Question 11

What are the types of chromophils in the anterior PG?

Answer 11

Acidophil

Basophil

Question 12

What are the classes of hormones released by acidophil?

Answer 12

Somatotrophs

Mammotrophs

Question 13

What is the secretory produce of somatotrophs?

Answer 13

Somatotrophin

Question 14

What is the secretory product of mammotrophs?

Answer 14

Prolactin

Question 15

What are the classes of basophils?

Answer 15

Corticotrophs
Thyrotrophs
Gonadotrophs

Question 16

What do corticotrophs secrete?

Answer 16

ACTH

MSH

Question 17

What do thyrotrophs release?

Answer 17

Thyrotrophin

TRH

Question 18

What do the gonadotrophs release?

Answer 18

LH

FSH

Question 19

What is the blood supply to the PG?

Answer 19

brnaches of ICA

superior and inferior hypophysial arteries

Question 20

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior PG?

Answer 20

Through the hypophyseal portal system

Question 21

How does the hypothalamus communicate with the posterior PG?

Answer 21

PPG is a continuation of the hypothalamus

Through neural communication

Question 22

What does the thyroid gland lie anterior to?

Answer 22

Trachea

Question 23

Between which vertebral levels is the thyroid gland located?

Answer 23

C5-T1

Question 24

Which tracheal rings does the isthmus lie opposite to?

Answer 24

2nd to 4th tracheal rings

Question 25

Which 3 strap muscles overlie the thyroid gland?

Answer 25

Omohyoid Sternothyroid Sternohyoid

Question 26

Which 2 nerves supply the muscles of the vocal cord?

Answer 26

Recurrent laryngeal n. | Superior laryngeal n.

Question 27

Where does the recurrent laryngeal nerve run?

Answer 27

Between the trachea and oesophagus

Question 28

Where does the superior laryngeal nerve run?

Answer 28

Runs close to the superior thyroid artery

Question 29

From which major artery in the neck does the superior thyroid a. arise from ?

Answer 29

ECA

Question 30

From which artery does the inferior thyroid artery arise from?

Answer 30

Thyrocervical trunk

Question 31

Into which vein does the superior thyroid vein drain?

Answer 31

IJV

Question 32

Into which vein does the middle thyroid vein drain?

Answer 32

IJV

Question 33

Into which vein does the inferior thyroid vein drain?

Answer 33

Brachiocephalic vein

Question 34

Which type of cell on histology can you see lining the follicle in the thyroid gland?

Answer 34

Epithelium | Simple cuboidal

Question 35

What colour does the colloid stain (thyroid gland) in H&E staining?

Answer 35

pink

Question 36

What are the cells inbetween folllicles?

Answer 36

C cells

Question 37

What do c cells secrete?

Answer 37

Calcitonin

Question 38

What hormone does the thyroid gland secrete?

Answer 38

Thyroxine

Question 39

How many parathyroid glands do most people have?

Answer 39

4

Question 40

Where do the parathyroid gland lie in relation to the thyroid gland?

Answer 40

Posterior

Question 41

Where are the superior parathyroid glands located?

Answer 41

Level of the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage

Question 42

Where are the inferior parathyroid glands located?

Answer 42

Usually near the inferior poles of the thyroid

Question 43

What is the arterial supply to the parathyroid glands?

Answer 43

Inferior thyroid artery

Question 44

Which hormone does the parathyroid gland secrete?

Answer 44

PTH

Question 45

What is the role of PTH?

Answer 45

Regulating calcium in the body

Question 46

Which cells does PTH act on?

Answer 46

Osteoclasts to release calcium Inhibiting osteoblasts to reduce Ca2+ deposition Increases kidney reabsorption of Ca2+

Question 47

How are the adrenal glands separated from the kidneys?

Answer 47

By means of a capsule

Question 48

What is the peritonisation of the adrenal glands?

Answer 48

Retroperitoneal

Question 49

What are the 2 parts of the suprarenal glands?

Answer 49

Outer cortex | Inner medulla

Question 50

What is the embryological origin of the cortex?

Answer 50

Mesoderm

Question 51

What is the embryological origin of the medulla?

Answer 51

Neuroectoderm | Neural crest cells

Question 52

How many suprarenal veins are there?`

Answer 52

One

Question 53

Where does the suprarenal vein drain into on the right side?

Answer 53

IVC

Question 54

Where does the suprarenal vein drain into on the left side?

Answer 54

Left renal vein

Question 55

Describe blood supply to the adrenal glands

Answer 55

Superior adrenal artery Middle adrenal artery Inferior adrenal artery

Question 56

What are the 3 distinct zones of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 56

Outer zona glomerulosa Middle zona fasciculata Inner zona reticularis

Question 57

What are the 3 main hormones secreted from each zone of the adrenal cortex?

Answer 57

Glomerulosa - aldosterone Fasciculata - cortisol Reticularis - androgens (sex hormones)

Question 58

What is the peritonisation of the pancreas?

Answer 58

Retroperitoneal

Question 59

What cell types are found within the islets of langerhan?

Answer 59

Alpha Beta Delta F

Question 60

What do alpha islet cells secrete?

Answer 60

Glucagon

Question 61

What do beta islet cells secrete?

Answer 61

Insulin

Question 62

What do delta islet cells secrete?

Answer 62

Somatostatin

Question 63

What do F islet cells secrete?

Answer 63

Pancreatic polypeptide

Question 64

Name an artery that runs on the posterior aspect of the pancreas?

Answer 64

Splenic artery

Question 65

How is pancreatic tissue arranged structurally?

Answer 65

Acinus

Question 66

Where does the superior adrenal artery arise from?

Answer 66

Inferior phrenic artery

Question 67

Where does middle adrenal artery arise from?

Answer 67

Abdominal aorta

Question 68

Where does inferior adrenal artery arise from?

Answer 68

Renal arteries

Question 69

Where do parathyroid glands drain?

Answer 69

Into thyroid plexus of veins