Growth and Development

Question 1

What are some of the protocols for correctly measuring height?

Answer 1

Shoes and socks off
Person has to be straight
Person looking straight infront
Back of the body has to touch the heard plate at the back

Question 2

When would you measure length?

Answer 2

When there is something preventing you from measuring height

Question 3

When is sitting height measured?

Answer 3

When the body is disproportionate

Question 4

Who is head circumference measuring routine in ?

Answer 4

Children <2yrs

Question 5

Where do you measure when measuring head circumference ?

Answer 5

From forehead to occipital prominence

Question 6

What does BMI calculate?

Answer 6

Weight based on height

Question 7

How is bone age measured?

Answer 7

By the epiphyseal plates

Question 8

What are the components of the tanner method measuring puberty?

Answer 8

• B -> 1 to 5 (breast development) females
• G -> 1 to 5 (genital development) males
• P -> 1 to 5 (pubic hair)
• AH -> 1 to 3 (axillary hair)
• T -> (testicular volume) 2 ml to 20 ml

Question 9

What is 1 in tanner staging?

Answer 9

No puberty

Question 10

What is 2 in tanner staging?

Answer 10

Beginning of puberty

Question 11

What is 5 in tanner staging?

Answer 11

Adult

Question 12

What factors influence height?

Answer 12

Age
Sex
Race
Nutrition 
Parental heights 
Puberty 
Skeletal maturity 
General health 
Chronic disease

Question 13

Do M or F go into puberty earlier?

Answer 13

F

Question 14

What is usually the first thing to happen in male puberty?

Answer 14

Testicular growth

Question 15

Who has the longer growth spurt M or F?

Answer 15

M

Question 16

When do you refer children about height?

Answer 16

When:
extremely tall or short 
abnormal height velocity 
history of chronic disease 
Obvious dysmorphic syndrome 
Early/late puberty

Question 17

What are some common causes of short stature?

Answer 17

Familial

Constitutional

Question 18

What are pathological causes of short stature?

Answer 18

Undernutrition 
Chronic illness 
Iatrogenic 
Psychological and social 
Hormonal 
Syndromes

Question 19

Who are you worried about with short stature?

Answer 19

Obese patients

Question 20

What is considered early and late puberty in females?

Answer 20

<8 years

>13 years

Question 21

What is considered early and late puberty in males?

Answer 21

<9 years

>14 years

Question 22

What is is CDGP?

Answer 22

Constitutional delay of growth and puberty

Question 23

What is the management for ambiguous genitalia?

Answer 23

Do not guess the sex of the baby
Multidisciplinary approach
USS or the gonads
Karyotype

Question 24

What needs to be excluded in ambiguous genitalia?

Answer 24

Congenital Adrenal crisis

Question 25

What is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in acquired form?

Answer 25

Autoimmune thyroiditis | Hashmoto's

Question 26

What are some issues caused by acquired hypothyroidism?

Answer 26

Lack of height Pubertal delay Poor school performance

Question 27

What is the main thing to remember about obesity?

Answer 27

Obese + Short = Abnormal

Question 28

What are causes of obesity in children?

Answer 28

``` Simple obesity Drugs Syndromes Endocrine problems Hypothalamic damage ```

Question 29

Drugs that cause obesity in children

Answer 29

Insulin Steroids Anti-thyroid drugs

Question 30

What causes simple obesity

Answer 30

There is more energy input than output

Question 31

What is the main type of diabetes in children?

Answer 31

Type I

Question 32

What are the THINK symptoms for diabetes?

Answer 32

Thirsty Thinner Tired Using toilet more

Question 33

What is the immediate test for DM?

Answer 33

Finger prick capillary glucose test

Question 34

What result of finger prick test would indicate DM?

Answer 34

>11 mmol/L = DM | <11 mmol/L = something else

Question 35

What are the think symptoms for children <5 in DM?

Answer 35

* Heavier than usual nappies * Blurred vision * Candidiasis (oral, vulval) * Constipation * Recurring skin infections * Irritability * Behavioural changes

Question 36

What are the symptoms for DKA?

Answer 36

``` Nausea and vomiting Abdominal pain Sweet smelling breath Drowsiness Rapid deep sighing respiration Coma ```

Question 37

What do you not request for in DKA immediately?

Answer 37

Urine specimen Fasting blood glucose Oral glucose tolerance test Lab results