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Pharmacy - Gastrointestinal Tract > Anatomy Of The GI Tract > Flashcards

Anatomy Of The GI Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What are the factors that regulate hunger and satiety?

A

Plasma glucose levels
Hormones: leptin, ghrelin, insulin, glucagon
Stretch receptors in the gastrointestinal tract
Stress, body temperature, food palatability

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2
Q

How is the maintenance of total body energy content regulated?

A

It involves a combination of hormonal, neuronal, and mechanical signals.

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of the well-fed/absorptive state?

A

Glucose levels increase
Storage of fuels increases
Protein synthesis increases
Glycogen synthesis

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4
Q

What happens in the post-absorptive state when glucose levels decrease?

A

Glucagon increases, leading to glycogen breakdown
Gluconeogenesis occurs, involving the creation of new glucose from substances like amino acids
Glucose sparing takes place, utilizing fat through lipolysis
Ketones are produced as an energy source during prolonged fasting

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5
Q

What is the science behind the sensation of hunger?

A

Decrease in glucose, fat, and protein levels
Increase in ghrelin production
Ghrelin moves to the lateral hypothalamus of the brain, inducing the feeling of hunger

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6
Q

What are the satiety signals in the body?

A

Increase in glucose, fat, and protein levels
Increased production of the hormone leptin
Leptin moves to the medial hypothalamus, providing the feeling of satiety

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7
Q

What is the effect of meal size on gastric emptying?

A

Different meal components empty at different rates
Larger meal size results in a longer digestive phase
Larger amounts of food initially empty slowly, followed by a quicker pace
Nutrition density (calories) controls and slows gastric emptying

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8
Q

What is an important factor that delays gastric emptying?

A

Fat in the duodenum causes the fundus to relax, lowering intragastric pressure

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9
Q

How does a high-fat meal impact feelings of fullness and subsequent meals?

A

A high-fat meal increases the feeling of fullness for a longer duration compared to a low-fat meal with the same energy content
This influence extends to the intake at the next meal

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10
Q

What is another effect of a high-fat meal on gastric physiology?

A

A high-fat meal prolongs the elevation of pH in the stomach

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11
Q

How does the presence of food impact different drugs and formulations?

A

Different drugs and formulations are affected differently by the presence of food

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12
Q

What is the take-home message regarding the relationship between food and drug absorption?

A

The take-home message is that food can significantly affect drug absorption

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13
Q

What are the names of the structure in the GI Tract?

A
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14
Q

What is the combination of the myenteric plexus and submucosal plexus?

A

Enteric Nervous System

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15
Q

What is the composition of the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

A

Composed of the brain and spinal cord

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16
Q

What is the role of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

A

Connects the CNS to limbs and organs

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17
Q

What is the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?

A

A division of the PNS influencing the function of organs

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18
Q

What is the Enteric Nervous System (ENS)?

A

The intrinsic nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract

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19
Q

How are the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Enteric Nervous System (ENS) connected?

A

How are the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Enteric Nervous System (ENS) connected?

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20
Q

What is the primary route for gut bacteria to transmit information to the brain?

A

The vagus nerve serves as the primary route for this communication

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21
Q

Where are neurons present that produce neurotransmitters like serotonin (5-HT)?

A

Neurons producing serotonin are present in both the brain and the gut

22
Q

What is the role of serotonin in mood control, depression, and aggression?

A

Serotonin is associated with mood control, depression, and aggression

23
Q

Where are higher levels of serotonin found?

A

Higher levels of serotonin are found in the intestines, not the brain

24
Q

Why might dietary changes be effective in treating depression?

A

Dietary changes can be effective in treating depression because antidepressants, which raise serotonin levels in the brain, are sometimes ineffective, while proper dietary changes can help.

25
Q

What is the function of afferent neurons?

A

Afferent neurons, also known as sensory receptor neurons, carry nerve impulses away from receptors or sense organs towards the central nervous system

26
Q

What is the role of efferent nerves?

A

Efferent nerves, also known as motor or effector neurons, carry nerve impulses away from the central nervous system to effectors such as muscles or glands

27
Q

Where is the Enteric Nervous System (ENS) found?

A

Found within the wall of the GI Tract from the esophagus to the anus

28
Q

What is the primary function of the Myenteric (Auerbach’s) Plexus?

A

Largely motor in function, influencing muscle activity

29
Q

What is the primary function of the Submucosal (Meissner’s) Plexus?

A

Largely sensory, receiving signals from the epithelium and stretch receptors, influencing secretory activity

30
Q

How is the Enteric Nervous System (ENS) regulated?

A

Subject to regulation via the (Peripheral) Autonomic Nervous System (SNS & PNS), as fibers from both can synapse with neurons in the enteric nervous system, allowing cross talk
The CNS can influence GI Tract activity through this regulatory mechanism

31
Q

What does extrinsic innervation of the Enteric Nervous System (ENS) refer to?

A

Extrinsic innervation of the ENS refers to the influence and control of the ENS by nerves and signals originating outside of the ENS itself

32
Q

How are nerve plexuses linked to the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

A

Nerve plexuses are linked to the CNS via afferent fibers activated by stretch and chemical stimulation

33
Q

What does nerve innervation refer to?

A

Nerve innervation refers to the supply of nerves to a specific organ, tissue, or region of the body. It involves the distribution of nerve fibers that carry signals between the central nervous system and the target area, allowing for communication and control.

34
Q

What is the source of efferent innervation for these nerve plexuses?

A

They receive efferent innervation from the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

35
Q

How does parasympathetic input influence gut motility and secretory activity?

A

Parasympathetic input (rest and digest) stimulates gut motility and secretory activity

36
Q

What is the impact of sympathetic nerves on gut contraction?

A

Sympathetic nerves (fight and flight) cause presynaptic inhibition of parasympathetic-induced contraction

37
Q

What is the role of segmentation in the mechanical digestion of the small intestine?

A

Segmentation facilitates the mixing of food

38
Q

What is the primary concern of peristalsis in the mechanical digestion of the small intestine?

A

Peristalsis is mainly concerned with the propulsion of food along the digestive tract

39
Q

What is the ideal gut transit time for food?

A

The ideal gut transit time for food is anywhere between 12 and 48 hours.

40
Q

How does fast gut transit (diarrhea) affect nutrient absorption?

A

Fast gut transit (diarrhea) affects the absorption of nutrients from food.

41
Q

What are the consequences of slow gut transit (constipation)?

A

Slow gut transit (constipation) can result in poor gut health.

42
Q

How can drugs affect gut transit time?

A

Some drugs may have side-effects due to their non-specific targeting, impacting gut transit time.

43
Q

Give an example of drugs that can cause constipation.

A
44
Q

What are the effects of opioid receptor subtype μ in the brain and gastrointestinal system?

A
  • In the brain: Analgesia, Sedation, Mood alteration
  • In the gastrointestinal system (Myenteric and submucosal plexus): Nausea and vomiting, Altered smooth muscle tone
45
Q

What are the effects of opioid receptor subtype κ in the brain, spinal cord, and myenteric plexus?

A
  • In the brain: Central analgesia
  • In the spinal cord: Visceral antinociception
  • In the myenteric plexus: Delayed GI transit time
46
Q

What are the effects of opioid receptor subtype δ in the brain and myenteric plexus?

A

In the brain and myenteric plexus: Delayed GI transit time

47
Q

What is the target of Loperamide?

A

Opioid receptors (agonist)

48
Q

How does Loperamide work?

A

Loperamide is a motility suppressant that works through action on the myenteric plexus, leading to decreased peristalsis and increased tone of the anal sphincter (Ca2+ channel blocker).

49
Q

What is the target of Tegaserod?

A

Serotonin receptors (agonist)

50
Q

How does Tegaserod work?

A

Tegaserod is a motility stimulant that works through the activation of 5-HT4 receptors of the enteric nervous system.

51
Q

What are potential negative effects of antibiotics on the gut?

A

Antibiotics can have negative effects on the gut microbiome and may result in antibiotic-resistant organisms, leading to antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Increased use of antibiotics suggests GI-related problems may become more prevalent in the future.

Pharmacy - Gastrointestinal Tract (12 decks)

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